Synthesis of 3,3’‐(Ethane‐1,2‐diylidene)bis(indolin‐2‐one) Promoted by Thermally‐activated Electron Transfer and Photoreduction of CO₂ to CH₄ and CO

Abstract

A Sonogashira coupling reaction leads to the formation of a serendipitous product C with the 3,3'-(ethane-1,2diylidene)bis(indolin-2-one) unit. To our knowledge, our study provides the first example demonstrating that electron transfer between isoindigo and triethylamine can be thermally activated and can be employed in synthesis. The physical properties of C suggest that it possesses decent photo-induced electron-transfer capabilities. Under the illumination of 136 mW cm À 2 inten-sity, C yields � 2.4 mmol g cat À 1 (per gram of catalyst) of CH 4 and � 0.5 mmol g cat À 1 of CO in 20 h in the absence of additional metal, co-catalyst, and amine sacrificial agent. The primary kinetic isotope effect suggests that the bond cleavage of water is a rate-determining step in the reduction. Moreover, the CH 4 and CO production can be boosted as the illuminance increases. This study demonstrates that organic donor-acceptor conjugated molecules are potential photocatalysts for CO 2 reduction.