Synthesis Methods and Electrochemical Performance: A Theory on the Valence Disproportionation in LiM_yMn_2–yO₄ (M = Mn, Co) with Interalia Guiding Principles for a Photo-Chargeable Lithium Battery

Abstract

A physical model, based on valence disproportionation and the electronic instability imposed by the Jahn–Teller condition, is used as a general approach to explain the differences in the electrochemical activities of LiMn2O4 based cathode materials synthesized through different methods. Furthermore, the models also provide interalia insights for a photo-chargeable lithium battery and a physical ansatz to address a fundamental inefficiency problem: the deviation of the experimentally observed electrochemical capacity for LiMn2O4 (∼126 mAhg–1) from the theoretical value (147 mAhg–1).

Halide Perovskite Materials for Energy Storage Applications

“…[109][110][111] Other inorganic materials including LiMn 2 O 4 , iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II), titanium nitride, and CuFeTe 2 have been incorporated in photorechargeable batteries. [112][113][114][115] Apart from the electrode optimization, the electrolytes responsive to light are tailored for the photobattery application. [116][117][118] Carbon nitride nanotubes [119] and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [120] are identified to help the reversible insertion/extraction process in a photobattery.…”

Solution combustion synthesis of metal oxide nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion

“…206,207 However, Park et al 208 ) also serves as a high-capacity intercalation cathode for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries due to its economic and environmental advantages. [210][211][212] LiMn 2 O 4 can be synthesized via SCS and its electrochemical behavior is reported elsewhere. 210,213 To reduce the capacity fading at elevated temperatures and during the overcharge of LiMn 2 O 4 powder-based electrodes, Novak et al 214 Besides the aforementioned cathode materials, Goodenough et al 215 explored lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) as a cathode.…”

Atomic Layer Deposition of a Particularized Protective MgF2 Film on a Li‐Ion Battery LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 Cathode Powder Material

“… The first aspect is indirectly related to the cathode material; namely, this is the electrolyte decomposition, which may take place because of the intrinsic high cathode potential and may be promoted by Mn‐ion catalytic activity The second aspect is directly associated to the cathode material itself, specifically, the structural transformation processes of the Li x M y Mn 2− y O 4 material (i.e., the loss of a spinel framework); these structural changes may take place without composition changes due to Jahn–Teller distortion, and also because of oxygen deficiency The third aspect relates to the surface transformation of the cathode material; these processes appear as leaching of the manganese from the cathode material; the processes result not only in cathode material losses, but also in the appearance of a crust over the surface of the active cathode material; this crust is composed of Mn‐oxides and organic compounds and limits Li + ‐permeation into the grains of the active material .…”

“…The second aspect is directly associated to the cathode material itself, specifically, the structural transformation processes of the Li x M y Mn 2− y O 4 material (i.e., the loss of a spinel framework); these structural changes may take place without composition changes due to Jahn–Teller distortion, and also because of oxygen deficiency …”