“…To solve this problem, several noble strategies involving heterogeneous and improvised homogeneous catalysts have been developed for recycling and reusing Stille catalysts, including the use of Pd complexes supported by recombinant peptide fusion nanoparticles [ 16 ], magnetic nanoparticles [ 17 ], stainless steel mesh-GO (graphene oxide) nanoparticles [ 18 ], polymer [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], silica [ 22 ], porous metal-organic framework (MOF) [ 23 ], functionalized nanoporous silica [ 24 , 25 ], bulky ligands [ 26 ] and metal nanoparticles [ 27 , 28 ]. Additionally, a few reaction solvent options, including alcohols [ 29 , 30 ], water [ 31 , 32 , 33 ], and ionic liquid [ 34 , 35 ] were also studied to ensure that successful recovery occurred. Similarly, several recoverable Suzuki-Miyaura catalysts, including the use of Pd complexes supported by agar [ 36 ], polymer [ 37 ], aminophosphine supported on Al 2 O 3 [ 38 ], perovskite-based [ 39 ], and magnetically recoverable ones [ 40 , 41 ] were used.…”