Synthesis, Characterization, and Morphogenesis of Carbonated Fluorapatite−Gelatine Nanocomposites: A Complex Biomimetic Approach toward the Mineralization of Hard Tissues

Abstract

Carbonated fluorapatite-gelatine nanocomposites were grown by the double-diffusion technique within a gelatine gel. The carbonate content was varied, whereas all other experimental parameters (Ca 2+ , [PO 4 ] 3-, Fconcentrations, gel concentration, pH, temperature, and growth time) were kept constant. The composite aggregates grown within so-called Liesegang bands were characterized by XRD, chemical analysis, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, TG/DTA/MS, SEM and TEM. In the carbonated fluorapatite-gelatine nanocomposites the carbonate ions replace the phosphate groups (so-called B-type substitution). Apart from the fact that the biomimetic nanocomposites contain carbonated fluorapatite as the inorganic component, the chemical composition of the aggregates is similar to that of biological hard tissues. The content of carbonate, sodium, and the organic component in the biomimetic composites is closest to that of dental enamel. The morphogenesis of the carbonated composites was investigated as a function of the carbonate concentration in the solutions (also reflected in the carbonate content of the composites). In general, the morphogenesis of the carbonated composite aggregates is closely related to that of pure fluorapatite-gelatine nanocomposites (form development from a seed via dumbbell states to a notched sphere). With increasing carbonate content, however, the aggregates become significantly rounded and compressed, an observation that clearly reflects the decreasing coherence length ([001] direction) of the nanosubunits assembling the composite structure.

Dehydration and Rehydration of Carbonated Fluor- and Hydroxylapatite

“…For the fluorapatites the a-axis decreased by about 0.09 Å over a carbonate concentration range of 12%, while the c-axis increased by about 0.03 Å [22]. The maximum observed substitution value of ca.…”

Organic/Inorganic bioactive materials Part III: in vitro bioactivity of gelatin/silicocarnotite hybrids

“…The amide I band with the characteristic frequencies in the range 1600-1700 cm -1 is mainly associated with the stretching vibrations of the carbonyl groups (C=O bond) along the polypeptide backbone [15,23,50] and is a sensitive marker of the peptide secondary structure. [15,23,24,51]. Fig.…”

“…Much of the research interests today focus on the fabrication of artificial bone like ceramic/ polymer composites [6][7][8][9] especially on HA/gelatin nanocomposites [1,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], fluorapatite (FHA)/ gelatin nanocomposites [23], carbonated fluorapatite (CO 3 FHA)/gelatin nanocomposites [24]; drug delivery carrier [25,26] and protein separation [27].…”

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties

“…Such collagen/CaPO 4 biocomposites are currently under investigation for clinical use. Other popular matrixes to perform biomimetic CaPO 4 crystallization comprise gelatin (Busch et al 1999;Rosseeva et al 2008;Liu et al 2009;Raz et al 2014), chitosan (Raz et al 2014;Wang et al 2011;Lu et al 2014b), the surface of metals and alloys Bigi et al 2005;Liu et al 2010Liu et al , 2013Dorozhkin 2014), polymers (Iwatsubo et al 2006), cellulose (Bodin et al 2006), selfassembled monolayers (Toworfe et al 2006) and many other materials. Such biomimetically prepared CaPO 4 precipitates are occasionally called ''organoapatites'' (Spoerke and Stupp 2003;Storrie and Stupp 2005).…”