Synthesis, Characterization, and Investigation of Novel Ionic Liquid-Based Tooth Bleaching Gels: A Step towards Safer and Cost-Effective Cosmetic Dentistry

Abstract

The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel choline hydroxide ionic liquid-based tooth bleaching gel. Ionic liquid-based gels were synthesized and characterized using FTIR along with pH testing. Tooth sample preparation was carried out in line with ISO 28399:2020. The effects of synthesized gels on tooth samples were tested. Tooth samples were stained and grouped into three experimental groups: EAI (22% choline hydroxide gel), EAII (44% choline hydroxide gel), and EB (choline citrate gel) and two control groups: CA (commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel) and CB (deionized water). The tooth color analysis, which included shade matching with the Vitapan shade guide (n = 2), and digital colorimetric analysis (n = 2) were evaluated. The surface characteristics and hardness were analyzed with 3D optical profilometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and Microhardness testing (n = 3), respectively. The tooth color analysis (Vitapan shade guide) revealed that all the tooth samples treated with synthesized choline citrate gel (EB) showed an A1 shade as compared to the other four groups, giving a range of shades. An analysis of the ΔE values from digital colorimetry; EAI, EAII, CA, and CB showed ΔE values in a range that was clinically perceptible at a glance. However, EB showed the highest value of ΔE. The mean microhardness values for the five groups showed that the effects of three experimental gels i.e., 44% choline hydroxide, 22% choline hydroxide, and choline citrate, on the microhardness of the tooth samples were similar to that of the positive control, which comprised commercial at-home 16% carbamide peroxide gel. SEM with EDX of three tested subgroups was closely related in surface profile, elemental composition, and Ca/P ratio. The roughness average values from optical profilometry of four tested subgroups lie within approximately a similar range, showing a statistically insignificant difference (p > 0.05) between the tested subgroups. The synthesized novel experimental tooth bleaching gels displayed similar tooth bleaching actions without any deleterious effects on the surface characteristics and microhardness of the treated tooth samples when compared with the commercial at-home tooth bleaching gel.

Extraction of Salicylic Acid Using Sustainable ATPSs and Respective Immobilization as API-IL at Small Pilot Scale

“…In fact, it is known that salt anions often play a more important role than cations in solute partitioning given the generally larger polarizabilities of the former. 52 By looking at Figure 4, it can be seen that the obtained partition coefficients for ATPSs with sodium-based salts follow the order Na 2 Tartrate > Na 3 Citrate > Na 2 Succinate, for which the most promising extractions of salicylic acid are expected to be obtained for tartrates, followed by citrates and succinate salts.…”

“…To immobilize salicylic acid, following the procedure shown in Figure 1, the top phase (ethyl lactate-rich) obtained with the longest tie-line of this ATPS was placed in a rotary evaporator for 24 h at 323.15 K. Afterward, an aqueous solution of choline bicarbonate (80 m%) was added to the flask in a stoichiometric proportion and left under stirring for 12 h at 313.15 K and 0.1 MPa. Choline bicarbonate was added, accounting for the syntheses of cholinium salicylate ([Ch]Sa) and cholinium citrate ([Ch]Cit), which allowed to immobilize the API as API-IL and to convert tripotassium citrate to an IL with known application in tooth bleaching 52 and in the research for postoperative ileus. 53 The reaction routes for the syntheses are listed in Figure 5.…”