Metal
cluster compounds have garnered renewed interest in the search
for novel superconductors and topological semimetals owing to structural
instabilities of metal-cluster geometries and broken symmetries. Here
we synthesized needle-like crystals of the V-cluster-based quasi-one-dimensional
(Q1D) materials AV3Q3Oδ (A
= K, Rb, Cs, Q = Se, Te) which can also be viewed as being composed
of parallel nanowires. We examine how changes in their average and
local structure control their electronic properties. All compounds
crystallize in the TlFe3Te3-type structure (P63/m space group) with infinite
(V3Q3)− double-walled columnar
chains separated by A+ cations. Our single-crystal and
synchrotron powder diffraction studies indicate oxygen atoms partially
occupy the center site of the V6 octahedral metal cluster
cages in KV3Te3O0.33, RbV3Te3O0.32, and CsV3Te3O0.35, whereas KV3Se3 is structurally
oxygen-free. Our synchrotron X-ray pair distribution function (PDF)
analyses indicate that the oxygen-free V6 cluster octahedra
in KV3Se3 are highly distorted perpendicular
to the chain direction even at room temperature, reducing the symmetry
of the average structure from hexagonal P63/m to monoclinic P21/m. Our theoretical calculation supports this P21/m distortion and suggests
the structure further distorts to P21 or P21/c at lower temperatures.
In contrast, the oxygen-centered V-cluster in KV3Te3O0.33 exhibits a V3-triangle-trimerization
along the chain direction. This feature is discernible from the local
PDF and is consistent with lattice dynamical calculations based on
density functional theory. Resistivity measurements indicate that
KV3Se3 exhibits metallic behavior, whereas a
dramatic metal–semiconductor–metal transition emerges
in KV3Te3O0.33, RbV3Te3O0.32, and CsV3Te3O0.35 because of oxygen disorder and changes in local structure captured
from our electronic structure analyses of the Fermi surface. Our investigation
of the AV3Q3Oδ family demonstrates
the importance of understanding local changes in structure driven
by electronic instabilities, which can guide the search for new quantum
materials in other low-dimensional cluster-compound materials.