Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Properties of Intercalated Kaolinite Nanoclays: Intercalation and Biocompatibility

Abstract

The aims of the present study were to synthesize the intercalated kaolinite samples with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glutamic acid (GA), succinimide (SIM), cetylpyridiniumchloride (CPC), and hexadecyltrimethylammoniumchloride (HDTMA+); to characterize by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), and to determine the hemocompatibility and the cytotoxic effects of the intercalated kaolinite nanoclays on human lymphocytes. It was found that the intercalation with DMSO did not cause any decrease in cell viability until its maximum concentration (500 µg/mL), however, the intercalation with SIM, CPC, and (HDTMA+) causd important decreases in lymphocyte viabilities. It was determined that no significant decrease was observed in protein content of the lymphocyte cells exposed to the kaolinite nanoclays except the ones intercalated with SIM. Furthermore, the pristine kaolinite nanoclays which were intercalated with DMSO, GA, and SIM exhibited high hemocompatibility and the nanoclays intercalated with CPC and (HDTMA+) were highly hemocompatibile for the amounts below 125 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. All the results of this work can serve for the human risk assesment of intercalated nanoclays.

Foliar Application of Nanoclay Promotes Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Growth and Induces Systemic Resistance against Potato Virus Y

“…Likewise, the FTIR spectrum of the standard nanoclay showed two different peaks, as shown in Figure 3 B that were not present in the Egyptian nanoclay (as shown in Table 2 ), i.e., the peak at 2327.72 cm −1 representing O=C=O carbon dioxide (carbonyl bond group) and the band at 1191.57 cm −1 assigned to Al-O as an Si cage (TO 4 ). These results support previous reports that indicated that the broadband at 3432 cm −1 is due to the stretching vibration of OH groups in the structure of allophane and imogolite [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. The broadband near 3432 cm −1 can be attributed to the stretching vibration of OH groups, and the bands at 1090–940 cm −1 can be attributed to the Si–O stretching vibration of orthosilicate anions and Si–O–Al groups [ 42 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”

“…Additionally, intercalation was confirmed by the shrinkage of kaolinite particles and the delamination of kaolinite booklets. The overlapping clay mass caused the dark spots in the TEM photographs [ 41 ].…”

Recent Advances in Kaolinite Nanoclay as Drug Carrier for Bioapplications: A Review

“…In comparison, cell viability remained greater than 85% at doses ranging from 125 to 500 μg mL −1 , which proves that Kaol can be characterized as a biocompatibile material for healthy cells. [139] In an in vitro study on the genotoxicity of Kaol, an in vitro assay of Kaol micronuclei was performed using the human lung cancer cell line A549. The results showed that the A549 cells were subjected to 60% growth inhibition after 6 h incubation with 200 μg mL −1 of Kaol; moreover, Kaol exhibited genotoxicity in an in vitro assay system; [140] However, when the genotoxicity of Kaol nanomaterials was studied using the DNAs comet assay, after incubation of 100 μg mL −1 Kaol with A549 cells for 24 h, more than 50% of the cells suffered only 10% growth inhibition and the DNAs damage was significantly less than that caused by DOX, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.…”

“…In comparison, cell viability remained greater than 85% at doses ranging from 125 to 500 µg mL −1 , which proves that Kaol can be characterized as a biocompatibile material for healthy cells. [ 139 ]…”

Layered Clay Minerals in Cancer Therapy: Recent Progress and Prospects

“…Some molecules or ions are inserted between the aluminosilicate structural layers through the intercalation reaction, resulting in a decrease of force strength and an expansion of basal spacing between these layers, without destroying the original layered structure. [48,49] The commonly used intercalation methods mainly include liquid phase method, mechanical force intercalation method and melting method, supplemented by soaking, heating, pressurizing, stirring, grinding, microwave, ultrasonic and other means can improve the intercalation efficiency. MMT, as one of the LCM, has been extensively adopted due to their large interlayer spacing and specific surface areas, easy accessibility of their interlayers as well as negative charges generated by isomorphic substitution (Figure 3c).…”