Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of an ampicillin-conjugated magnetic nanoantibiotic for medical applications

Abstract

Because of their magnetic properties, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have numerous diverse biomedical applications. In addition, because of their ability to penetrate bacteria and biofilms, nanoantimicrobial agents have become increasingly popular for the control of infectious diseases. Here, MNPs were prepared through an iron salt coprecipitation method in an alkaline medium, followed by a chitosan coating step (CS-coated MNPs); finally, the MNPs were loaded with ampicillin (amp) to form an amp-CS-MNP nanocomposite. Both the MNPs and amp-CS-MNPs were subsequently characterized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity. X-ray diffraction results showed that the MNPs and nanocomposites were composed of pure magnetite. Fourier transform infrared spectra and thermogravimetric data for the MNPs, CS-coated MNPs, and amp-CS-MNP nanocomposite were compared, which confirmed the CS coating on the MNPs and the amp-loaded nanocomposite. Magnetization curves showed that both the MNPs and the amp-CS-MNP nanocomposites were superparamagnetic, with saturation magnetizations at 80.1 and 26.6 emu g −1 , respectively. Amp was loaded at 8.3%. Drug release was also studied, and the total release equilibrium for amp from the amp-CS-MNPs was 100% over 400 minutes. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the amp-CS-MNP nanocomposite was determined using agar diffusion and growth inhibition assays against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida albicans . The minimum inhibitory concentration of the amp-CS-MNP nanocomposite was determined against bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The synthesized nanocomposites exhibited antibacterial and antifungal properties, as well as antimycobacterial effects. Thus, this study introduces a novel β-lactam antibacterial-based nanocomposite that can decrease fungus activity on demand for numerous medical applications.

Preparation and Evaluation of the ZnO NP–Ampicillin/Sulbactam Nanoantibiotic: Optimization of Formulation Variables Using RSM Coupled GA Method and Antibacterial Activities

“…In the present work, we applied RSM and GA in combination to optimize three parameters i.e., NP concentration, Ams concentration and their conjugation time for the formulation of a nanoantibiotic. The conjugation time plays an important role in the formation of nanoantibiotic by facilitating the maximum uptake of either the antibiotic or nanoparticle at the surface of each other and may vary from 12 to 48 h, depending on the nature of nanoparticles [38,39]. The application of the RSM and GA methodology has significantly improved (nearly 15%) the antibacterial activity of the ZnO NP-Ams nanoantibiotic formulation compared with the unoptimized conditions.…”

“…The nanoantibiotic (ZnO NP-Ams) was formulated according to the method given by Hussein-Al-Ali et al (2014) with minor modifications [38]. Ams (1 mg/mL) solution was made in ultra-pure MilliQ water.…”

Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation

“…Therefore, the relevant properties in the achieved products (toothpaste and mouthwash) are dependent mainly on the nanosized dimension [3,4,12,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. However, to our knowledge, no studies have focused on NPs ageing or reorganization in relation to their stability in the oral care field.…”

“…Hussein-Al-Ali and colleagues demonstrated that the interaction between superparamagnetic iron oxide and bacteria is mediated by penetration through the cell membrane, and through perturbation of the transfer of transmembrane electrons. Moreover, metal ions can be vectors for transporting anti-microbial substances [30].…”

Magnetic Nanoconjugated Teicoplanin: A Novel Tool for Bacterial Infection Site Targeting

“…According to other authors ( Huang et al, 2010 ; Ebrahiminezhad et al, 2014 ), IONP surface functionalization with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) elicited an antimicrobial effect by creating a high density of amino groups, which could interact with negatively charged sites on the bacterial cells through electrostatic interactions. The well-developed surface chemistry of IONPs made it possible to incorporate a variety of commonly used antibiotics such as the β-lactam amoxicillin, penicillin, and ampicillin, the aminoglycoside streptomycin, and the glycopeptide vancomycin ( Chifiriuc et al, 2013 ; Grumezescu et al, 2014 ; Hussein-Al-Ali et al, 2014 ; El Zowalaty et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2017 ), providing evidence that biocompatible magnetic NPs might enable site-specific antibiotic delivery. Vancomycin-carrying, folic acid-tagged chitosan NPs were successfully used to deliver vancomycin to bacterial cells ( Chakraborty et al, 2010 , 2012 ), and vancomycin-modified mesoporous silica NPs were used for selective recognition and killing of Gram-positive bacteria over macrophage-like cells ( Qi et al, 2013 ).…”