Synthesis and Tribological Properties of Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Erucate as a Potential Environmentally Friendly Lubricant and Lubricant Additive

Abstract

Recently, environmentally friendly lubricants and their additives have been of great interest. Using such lubricants can provide a few benefits, namely: nontoxicity and biodegradability when exposed to groundwater or soil. Moreover, renewable raw materials could be used to produce these lubricants. This study aims to synthesize bis (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium erucate protic ionic liquid containing a renewable counterpart-erucic acid. The synthesis of bis (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium erucate, its physical properties, solubility in the base lubricating fluid, and tribological properties were evaluated. The study shows that even though the investigated protic ionic liquid is liquid at room temperature, it has a very high kinematic viscosity, which drops when the temperature increases. Bis (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium erucate can be dissolved in water up to 3 wt%. It also has excellent lubricity when used as a neat lubricant and could be successfully applied as a lubricity-enhancing additive in water.

The Application of Ionic Liquids in the Lubrication Field: Their Design, Mechanisms, and Behaviors

“…It is worth noting that recent studies are more inclined to optimize the run-in process and improve the additive materials to form a more dense and stable boundary film and improve the tribological properties of the surface [91][92][93][94].…”

“…When the ions contain active non-metallic elements such as fluorine and sulfur, the ILs have greater probabilities to react with the surface during the friction process, generating lubricating films. It is worth noting that recent studies are more inclined to optimize the run-in process and improve the additive materials to form a more dense and stable boundary film and improve the tribological properties of the surface [91][92][93][94].…”

Intelligent Prediction of Nitrous Oxide Capture in Designable Ionic Liquids

“…Ionic liquids (ILs) are green solvents which are widely applied in waste gas removal. Much research [9][10][11][12] has been carried out on gas removal using ionic liquids, such as CO 2 and H 2 S. The solubilities of gases in ionic liquids [13][14][15][16][17] can be determined via experimental analysis. However, laboratory-based methods are usually associated with high costs and toxic exposure.…”