Synthesis and surface active properties of a gemini-type surfactant linked by a quaternary ammonium group

Effect of adsorption of laureth sulfonic acid type anionic surfactant on the wetting property of CaCO3 substrate

“…3(b) and the similar results were 269 reported in other surfactant systems [25,37,38]. and nonpolar hydrocarbon oils [25,[37][38][39][40]. 282…”

Synthesis of environment friendly nonionic surfactants from sugar base and characterization of interfacial properties for detergent application

“…In addition, relatively short time was required to reach an equilibrium value presumably due to the high mobility of surfactant molecules. This result indicates that any depletion of SA surfactant molecules from the air/water interface will be replenished by an instantaneous diffusion of molecules from the bulk aqueous solution presumably due to high mobility of surfactant molecule [14,[19][20][21][22][23]. Dynamic surface tension measurement suggests that the newly synthesized surfactants are excellent candidates for industrial applications where the dynamics of adsorption at the interface play a very important role such as foam or emulsion products when formulations are applied at high speed, for example by spraying, rolling or brushing.…”

“…However, the capacity to lower interfacial tension under dynamic conditions is also of great importance for practical applications such as foaming, emulsifying or coating processes, where bubbles or drops are rapidly generated and need to be stabilized [14]. Due to the molecular structure, surfactant molecules migrate to the liquid surface bordering air until the interface is fully occupied and thus cannot accommodate extra molecules [19]. During this process, the adsorption of surfactant monomers at the air-water interface occurs through a sequence of following steps:…”

“…Bubble pressure method has been commonly used to measure the dynamic surface tension for the system containing surfactants or other impurities since it takes more time to obtain a completely formed surface and this means that it is difficult to achieve the static equilibrium as a pure liquid does [19].…”

Stability and shear thixotropy of multilayered film foam

“…Although these applications are reliant upon stable foam in general, foam is a thermodynamically unstable system on account of high gas-liquid interface area. Accordingly, it has recently renewed a burning interest in the study of foam stability [10][11][12][13][14][15]. So far, a lot of strong efforts have been paid to understand the reason of foam instability, to produce ultrastable foam [16][17][18][19][20].…”