Synthesis and Storage Stability of Diisopropylfluorophosphate

Heiss, Derik R.; Zehnder, Donald W.; Jett, David A.; Platoff, Gennady E.; Yeung, David T.; Brewer, Bobby N.

doi:10.1155/2016/3190891

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Commercial DFP is normally stored at 4 °C. However, most DFP samples were found to degrade significantly at this temperature during long‐term storage (i.e., from 2 weeks onward) . In comparison, only minor degradation was observed at −10 °C and none was observed at −80 °C .…”

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, most DFP samples were found to degrade significantly at this temperature during long‐term storage (i.e., from 2 weeks onward) . In comparison, only minor degradation was observed at −10 °C and none was observed at −80 °C . In addition, glass was found to accelerate the rate of DFP hydrolysis, which is possibly due to the attack by hydrogen fluoride on the silica in the glass .…”

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In comparison, only minor degradation was observed at −10 °C and none was observed at −80 °C . In addition, glass was found to accelerate the rate of DFP hydrolysis, which is possibly due to the attack by hydrogen fluoride on the silica in the glass . Indeed, trace amounts of HF have been observed in freshly purchased DFP from commercial suppliers .…”

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The relatively slower hydrolysis rate of DFP compared with DCP is largely due to the less reactive PF bond. It is also found that storage conditions are critical for the stability of DFP . Commercial DFP is normally stored at 4 °C.…”

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inconsistent quality of commercial sources of DFP is therefore a real problem for sensing measurements as well as other areas. For example, toxicological studies show that LD 50 values vary significantly from 0.0027 to 6.4 mg kg −1 in a mouse model, with the differences arising from the source of the DFP used . Acid impurities not only exist in the simulant DFP, but they are very likely to be present in the actual nerve agents such as sarin as the latter is more readily hydrolyzed than the former .…”

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films

et al. 2019

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Organophosphorus (OP)‐based nerve agents are extremely toxic and potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and recent attacks involving nerve agents highlight the need for fast detection and intervention. Fluorescence‐based detection, where the sensing material undergoes a chemical reaction with the agent causing a measurable change in the luminescence, is one method for sensing and identifying nerve agents. Most studies use the simulants diethylchlorophosphate and di‐iso‐propylfluorophosphate to evaluate the performance of sensors due to their reduced toxicity relative to OP nerve agents. While detection of nerve agent simulants in solution is relatively widely reported, there are fewer reports on vapor detection using solid‐state sensors. Herein, progress in organic semiconductor sensing materials developed for solid‐state detection of OP‐based nerve agent vapors is reviewed. The effect of acid impurities arising from the hydrolysis of simulants and nerve agents on the efficacy and selectivity of the reported sensing materials is also discussed. Indeed, in some cases it is unclear whether it is the simulant that is detected or the acid hydrolysis products. Finally, it is highlighted that while analyte diffusion into the sensing film is critical in the design of fast, responsive sensing systems, it is an area that is currently not well studied.

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Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stability Of Nerve Agent Simulantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films

et al. 2019

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Differentiating Between V‐ and G‐Series Nerve Agent and Simulant Vapours Using Fluorescent Film Responses

Fan,

Loch,

Vongsanga

et al. 2023

Small Methods

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In‐field rapid and reliable identification of nerve agents is critical for the protection of Defence and National Security personnel as well as communities. Fluorescence‐based detectors can be portable and provide rapid detection of chemical threats. However, most current approaches cannot differentiate between dilute vapors of nerve agent classes and are susceptible to false positives due to the presence of common acids. Here a fluorescence‐based method is shown for rapid differentiation between the V‐series and phosphonofluoridate G‐series nerve agents and avoids false positives due to common acids. Differentiation is achieved through harnessing two different mechanisms. Detection of the V‐series is achieved using photoinduced hole transfer whereby the fluorescence of the sensing material is quenched in the presence of the V‐series agent. The G‐series is detected using a turn‐on mechanism in which a silylated excited state intramolecular proton transfer sensing molecule is selectively deprotected by hydrogen fluoride, which is typically found as a contaminant and/or breakdown product in G‐series agents such as sarin. The strategy provided discrimination between classes, as the sensor for the G‐series agent class is insensitive to the V‐series agent, and vice versa, and neither responded to common acids.

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The chemical convulsant diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) causes persistent neuropathology in adult male rats independent of seizure activity

et al. 2020

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Organophosphate (OP) threat agents can trigger seizures that progress to status epilepticus, resulting in persistent neuropathology and cognitive deficits in humans and preclinical models. However, it remains unclear whether patients who do not show overt seizure behavior develop neurological consequences. Therefore, this study compared two subpopulations of rats with a low versus high seizure response to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to evaluate whether acute OP intoxication causes persistent neuropathology in non-seizing individuals. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats administered DFP (4 mg/kg, sc), atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg, im), and pralidoxime (25 mg/kg, im) were monitored for seizure activity for 4 h post-exposure. Animals were separated into groups with low versus high seizure response based on behavioral criteria and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Cholinesterase activity was evaluated by Ellman assay, and neuropathology was evaluated at 1, 2, 4, and 60 days post-exposure by Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining and micro-CT imaging. DFP significantly inhibited cholinesterase activity in the cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala to the same extent in low and high responders. FJC staining revealed significant neurodegeneration in DFP low responders albeit this response was delayed, less persistent, and decreased in magnitude compared to DFP high responders. Micro-CT scans at 60 days revealed extensive mineralization that was not significantly different between low versus high DFP responders. These findings highlight the importance of considering non-seizing patients for medical care in the event of acute OP intoxication. They also suggest that OP intoxication may induce neurological damage via seizure-independent mechanisms, which if identified, might provide insight into novel therapeutic targets.

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Synthesis and Storage Stability of Diisopropylfluorophosphate

Cited by 27 publications

References 10 publications

Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films

Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid‐State Films

Differentiating Between V‐ and G‐Series Nerve Agent and Simulant Vapours Using Fluorescent Film Responses

The chemical convulsant diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) causes persistent neuropathology in adult male rats independent of seizure activity

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