Synthesis and Solution Properties of Ampholytic Acrylamide Ionomers

Salamone, J. C.; Ahmed, Inas A.; Rodriguez, E. L.; Quach, Loc; Watterson, Arthur C.

doi:10.1080/00222338808053400

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Most PAM‐based polyampholytes reported in the literature are composed of AM, a sulfonated anionic monomer [e.g., sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulfonate (NaAMPS) or sodium styrenesulfonate], and a quaternary ammonium cationic monomer [e.g., (3‐methacrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, (2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride, or (2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropyl)trimethylammonium chloride (AMPTAC)] 3, 14, 17, 19, 20. In these systems, the sulfonate and quaternary ammonium functionalities are not pH‐responsive; thus; the charge balance of these terpolymers is determined solely by the relative incorporations of cationic and anionic monomers in the polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH‐Responsive ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate, and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. I. Synthesis and characterization

Fevola

Bridges

Kellum

et al. 2004

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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Low‐charge‐density ampholytic terpolymers composed of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate (NaAMB), and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride were prepared via free‐radical polymerization in 0.5 M NaCl to yield terpolymers with random charge distributions. NaOOCH was used as a chain‐transfer agent during the polymerization to eliminate the effects of the monomer feed composition on the degree of polymerization (DP) and to suppress gel effects and broadening of the molecular weight distribution. The terpolymer compositions were obtained via 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the residual counterion content was determined via elemental analysis for Na+ and Cl−. The molecular weights (MWs) and polydispersity indices (PDIs) were determined via size exclusion chromatography/multi‐angle laser light scattering (SEC–MALLS); the terpolymer MWs ranged from 1.3–1.6 × 106 g/mol, corresponding to DPs of 1.6–1.9 × 104 repeat units, with all terpolymers exhibiting PDIs of less than 2.0. Intrinsic viscosities determined from SEC–MALLS data and the Flory–Fox relationship were compared to intrinsic viscosities determined via low‐shear dilute‐solution viscometry and were found to agree rather well. Data from the SEC–MALLS analysis were used to analyze the radius of gyration/molecular weight (Rg–M) relationships and the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada intrinsic viscosity/molecular weight ([η]–M) relationships for the terpolymers. The Rg–M and [η]–M relationships revealed that most of the terpolymers exhibited little or no excluded volume effects under size exclusion chromatography conditions. Potentiometric titration of terpolymer solutions in deionized water showed that the apparent pKa value of the poly[acrylamide‐co‐sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate‐co‐(3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride] terpolymers increased with increasing NaAMB content in the terpolymers and increasing ratios of anionic monomer to cationic monomer at a constant terpolymer charge density. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3236–3251, 2004

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH‐Responsive ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate, and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. I. Synthesis and characterization

Fevola

Bridges

Kellum

et al. 2004

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

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“…The intrinsic viscosity [g] of dilute solutions of polyelectrolyte can usually be calculated by the Huggins equation. 28,37,38 The data in this study show that in the dilute solution regime in various salts, even at high added salt concentrations, there is an up-turn in reduced viscosity that in a typical polyelectrolyte would be attributed to the ionization and subsequent repulsion of the ionic groups attached to the chain backbone. These phenomena were also observed by Pei †er and Lundberg, Salamone and co-workers,14,17, C by extrapolating the curves to zero concentration.…”

Section: Measurement Of the Viscosity Of Poly(admmaps)/namentioning

confidence: 84%

Dilute solution properties of naphthalene-labelled acrylamide/N,N-dimethyl maleimido propyl ammonium propane sulphonate copolymer

1998

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“…The overall performance of low chargedensity polyampholyte terpolymers as viscosifying agents is typically greater than that of high charge-density ampholytic copolymers. [14][15][16][17][18] Sulfonate anions and quaternary ammonium cations are the most commonly reported ionic functional groups for most PAM-based polyampholyte systems, and these are known to be insensitive to changes in solution pH. [18][19][20][21] Such non-pH-responsive systems are often referred to as quenched polyampholytes, and their degree of exhibited polyampholyte or polyelectrolyte character is solely determined by the ratio of anionic-to-cationic monomer incorporation.…”

Section: Introduction Smfp Type II Polymers ("Smart" Mobility Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16][17][18] Sulfonate anions and quaternary ammonium cations are the most commonly reported ionic functional groups for most PAM-based polyampholyte systems, and these are known to be insensitive to changes in solution pH. [18][19][20][21] Such non-pH-responsive systems are often referred to as quenched polyampholytes, and their degree of exhibited polyampholyte or polyelectrolyte character is solely determined by the ratio of anionic-to-cationic monomer incorporation. [18][19][20][21] However, when polyampholytes are prepared using comonomers bearing weak acid and/or weak base functionality (e.g.…”

Section: Introduction Smfp Type II Polymers ("Smart" Mobility Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic polyampholytes based on polyacrylamide (PAM) are excellent prospects for electrolyte-tolerant rheology modifiers, drag reducing agents, and flocculants due to their ability to sustain high solution viscosities in saline conditions as well as exhibit stimuli responsive behavior. 6,[14][15][16][17][18] PAM polyampholytes that contain low charge-densities and incorporate large concentrations of acrylamide (AM) are often preferred, due to the fact that long runs of hydrophilic AM repeat units increase the terpolymer solubility at low ionic strengths. The overall performance of low chargedensity polyampholyte terpolymers as viscosifying agents is typically greater than that of high charge-density ampholytic copolymers.…”

Section: Introduction Smfp Type II Polymers ("Smart" Mobility Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

"Smart" Multifunctional Polymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery

McCormick¹,

Lowe²

2007

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Recent recommendations made by the Department of Energy, in conjunction with ongoing research at the University of Southern Mississippi, have signified a need for the development of "smart" multi-functional polymers (SMFPs) for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes. Herein we summarize research from the period of September 2003 through March 2007 focusing on both Type I and Type II SMFPs. We have demonstrated the synthesis and behavior of materials that can respond in situ to stimuli (ionic strength, pH, temperature, and shear stress). In particular, Type I SMFPs reversibly form micelles in water and have the potential to be utilized in applications that serve to lower interfacial tension at the oil/water interface, resulting in emulsification of oil. Type II SMFPs, which consist of high molecular weight polymers, have been synthesized and have prospective applications related to the modification of fluid viscosity during the recovery process. Through the utilization of these advanced "smart" polymers, the ability to recover more of the original oil in place and a larger portion of that by-passed or deemed "unrecoverable" by conventional chemical flooding should be possible. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYA coordinated, fundamental research program is underway in our laboratories with the ultimate goal of developing "smart" multi-functional polymers (SMFPs) that can respond in situ to stimuli (ionic strength, pH, temperature, and shear stress) resulting in significantly improved sweep efficiency in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes. With these technologically "smart" polymers, it should be possible to produce more of the original oil in place and a larger portion of that by-passed or deemed "unrecoverable" by conventional chemical flooding. The specific objectives of this project are: a) to utilize recent break-through discoveries in the Polymer Science Laboratories at the University of Southern Mississippi to tailor polymers with the requisite structures and b) to evaluate the behavioral characteristics and performance of these multifunctional polymers under environmental conditions encountered in the petroleum reservoir. Two structural types of SMFPs are targeted that can work alone or in a concerted fashion in water-flooding processes. Type I SMFPs can reversibly form micelles, termed "polysoaps", in water that serve to lower interfacial tension at the oil/water interface, resulting in emulsification of oil. Type II SMFPs are high molecular weight polymers designed to alter fluid viscosity during the recovery process.Critical to the desired performance of these conceptual systems is the precise incorporation of selected functional monomers along the macromolecular backbone to serve as sensors or triggers activated by changes of the surrounding fluid environment. The placement of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and triggerable monomers is accomplished by controlled free radical polymerization utilizing aqueous Reversible AdditionFragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization, a technique under intensive developme...

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Synthesis and Solution Properties of Ampholytic Acrylamide Ionomers

Cited by 39 publications

References 31 publications

pH‐Responsive ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate, and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. I. Synthesis and characterization

pH‐Responsive ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate, and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. I. Synthesis and characterization

Dilute solution properties of naphthalene-labelled acrylamide/N,N-dimethyl maleimido propyl ammonium propane sulphonate copolymer

"Smart" Multifunctional Polymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery

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