Synthesis and recent applications of MXenes with Mo, V or Nb transition metals: a review

Abstract

Discovered in 2011, MXene becomes a most recent and active member of two-dimensional materials. Since then, the landscape of MXene grows significantly and now more than 30 different MXenes were obtained experimentally. Though most of the efforts are contributed to Ti-MXenes which have the highest level of maturity of the synthetic technology and productivity, in recent years, new-MXene systems with Molybdenum (Mo), Vanadium (V), and Niobium (Nb) as the transition metals demonstrated their unique properties and applications. The development of new-MXenes not only expands the synthetic methods and applications of MXenes but also faces new challenges. Therefore, a timely summary of Mo-, V-and Nb-MXenes will be extremely beneficial. Here, the synthetic methods of the selected new-MXenes are summarized and their most recent applications are highlighted to provide an outlook for the future development of MXenes.

Cost analysis of MXene for low-cost production, and pinpointing of its economic footprint

“…The M-A bonds and the M-X bonds in the MAX phase react differently toward an etching reagent during an etching treatment, leading in selective etching of the A layers. The transition metals such as Ti [8], V [9], Cr [10], Y [11], Zr [12], Nb [13], Mo [14], H.F. [15], Ta [16], and W [17] are often used for MXene synthesis. Other transition metals, such as Sc [18] and Mn [19] have only been discovered theoretically.…”

Retrospective insights into recent MXene-based catalysts for CO2electro/photoreduction: how far have we gone?

“…Apart from top-down methods of etching in chemical solutions, bottom-up strategies such as the hydrothermal method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) approaches are of particular interest as well due to the facile formation of welldefined surfaces and a clear chemical formula. [109][110][111] The bottom-up strategy can be used to directly synthesize MXenes without deriving from the MAX precursor. In this case, a more precise regulation of the designable MXene structures will be fabricated.…”

Kinetically Accelerated Lithium Storage in High‐Entropy (LiMgCoNiCuZn)O Enabled By Oxygen Vacancies

“…Due to the unsatisfactory theoretical capacity and slow Li + transport of commercial graphite anode, the exploitation of novel electrode materials toward next‐generation LIBs has become a rigid demand for the evolution of energy storage devices in the context of carbon neutrality. [ 1–3 ] In recent years, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have received long‐lasting attention from the scientific community owing to their multi‐electron redox mechanism, natural abundance, and good safety profile. [ 4 ] Unfortunately, the frequent structural changes involved in the charge/discharge process often give rise to large voltage hysteresis, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) instability, volume expansion/contraction, and subsequent severe capacity degradation.…”

“…Due to the unsatisfactory theoretical capacity and slow Li + transport of commercial graphite anode, the exploitation of novel electrode materials toward next-generation LIBs has become a rigid demand for the evolution of energy storage devices in the context of carbon neutrality. [1][2][3] In recent years, transition metal oxides (TMOs) have received long-lasting attention from the scientific community owing to their multi-electron redox reaction, the endogenous influence mechanism of defects and their direct relationship with electrochemical behaviors need to be carefully clarified, especially under different electrochemical environments.…”