Synthesis and properties of novel cross-linked composite sulfonated poly (aryl ether ketone sulfone) containing multiple sulfonic side chains for high-performance proton exchange membranes

Chemical and morphological effects of blended sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) and isopentylamine for direct methanol fuel cell applications

“…Low methanol permeability and high proton conductivity are ideal conditions for a highly efficient and functional fuel cell. 31,45,46 In this study, although the methanol permeability increased slightly with the incorporation of IPA, Figure 10(a) shows that the blended SIBS 74 IPA 3 and SIBS 93 IPA 3 membranes exhibited higher selectivity values (i.e., 2.30 × 10 4 and 2.95 × 10 4 S s cm −3 , respectively) due to higher proton conductivity and compared with their corresponding sulfonated membranes without IPA. When these results are normalized with respect to Nafion (3.06 × 10 4 S s cm −3 ), a similar selectivity range can be seen for both Nafion, and SIBS 93 IPA 3 as shown is Figure 10(b).…”

“…33 Based on Eisenberg's theory, sulfonic groups are aggregated into ionic clusters and can allow the formation of ionic transport nanochannels, facilitating the proton movement through the membrane. 46,47 On the other hand, the phase images of blend membranes showed larger dark regions regarding sulfonated polymer membranes. This increment was as a consequence of greater ionic domains into the microstructure after the incorporation of IPA.…”

“…This is because there are more ionic domains available for exchange when increments of the sulfonic acid groups are attached in polymer chains. 3,16,46 Nevertheless, in blend membranes the IEC decreases with the incorporation of IPA. This reduction could explain the contraction in the ionic nanochannel size observed in SAXS analysis.…”

“…Ahead of this development, several studies have led to a number of new sulfonic acid functionalized nonfluorinated polyaromatics and polymer materials, with the intent of either finding alternatives to PEMs or improving on already existing and functional PEMs. 12,15,46 In some situations, continuous improvements are made either by reinforcing perfluorosulfonic membranes with TFE components or incorporating a solution or solid powder to decrease fuel permeability. 4 There is also considerable interest in creating novel PEMs like styrene and its derivatives, because of its vast availability and ease of modification.…”

Enhancing proton conductivity of phosphoric acid‐doped Kevlar nanofibers membranes by incorporating polyacrylamide and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride

“…4,5 Therefore, there has being the challenges to design and prepare PEMs with the outstanding properties operating at a range of 100-200 C without humidification. [6][7][8] For the preparation of high temperature proton exchange membranes (HTPEMs), the intensive researches focused on introducing the anhydrous proton conduction carriers into functional polymers, such as polybenzimidazole (PBI) 9 and functional groups modifying PBI, 10,11 poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (abPBI), 12 sulfonated PBI, 13 Nafion, 14 poly(ether sulfone benzotriazole) (PESB), 15 polysulfone (PSF), 16 polyethersulfone (PES), 17 sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK), 18,19 sulfonated polyimide (SPI), 20 sulfonated poly(imide-benzimidazole) (SPIBI), 21 polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 22 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 23 and blend polymers. 24,25 Among the reported results, PAdoped PBI-based membranes with inspired results were thus regarded as the most promising candidate as HTPEMs.…”