Synthesis and properties of castor oil based plasticizers

Fu, Qinghe; Long, Yilang; Gao, Yunyi; Liu, Yuan; Qian, Hao; Wang, Fang; Zhu, Xinbao

doi:10.1039/c8ra10288k

Cited by 68 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…According to Figure 5, no weight loss of these PVC films was observed before 150 °C, indicating that the THF in the PVC films has been removed. The thermal decomposition of PVC mainly has two main stages according to previous reports 20,34,38 . In the first stage, the weight loss of PVC film was concentrated at 200–350°C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The thermal decomposition of PVC mainly has two main stages according to previous reports. 20,34,38 In the first stage, the weight loss of PVC film was concentrated at 200-350 C. Then the reason of weight loss was mainly the decomposition of plasticizers. In addition, a large amount of HCl would be released at this stage, and then the molecular structure of PVC formed polyene structure.…”

Section: H Nmr Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main structure of vegetable oil is triglyceride, and there may be unsaturated double bonds in the fat chain, which provides the possibility of structural modification of vegetable oil. Actually, many kinds of vegetable oil such as soybean oil, [13][14][15] tung oil, [16][17][18] castor oil, 19,20 cardanol, 21 and palm oil 22,23 could be used as raw materials for bio-based plasticizers. Among these vegetable oil-based plasticizers, some of them have excellent plasticizing properties, and some have functional properties such as flame retardant, non-migration, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An efficient plasticizer based on waste cooking oil: Structure and application

Liu

Shen

Wai

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Recently, phthalates have been continuously banned in numerous fields by many countries. Therefore, the development of sustainable and efficient plasticizers has become particularly urgent. The waste cooking oil was used as the main raw materials in this study to synthesize an efficient plasticizer (acetylated-fatty acid methyl ester-trimellitic acid ester, AC-FAME-TAE). The structure of AC-FAME-TAE was characterized by FT-IR and 1 H NMR. The performance of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized by AC-FAME-TAE was tested and compared with those of the PVC plasticized with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) and EFAME (epoxy fatty acid methyl ester), respectively. DSC results indicated that AC-FAME-TAE had excellent plasticizing efficiency for PVC. The mechanical properties of PVC plasticized by AC-FAME-TAE were as comparable as PVC plasticized by DOP from the results of tensile test. In addition, the PVC plasticized by AC-FAME-TAE had excellent thermal stability and solvent resistance by the results of leaching test and TGA.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: H Nmr Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An efficient plasticizer based on waste cooking oil: Structure and application

Liu

Shen

Wai

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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show abstract

“…Therefore, to find a substitute for conventional DOP with comparable performance, nontoxic plasticizers based on sustainable resources have attracted a lot of attention in recent years, 16–18 with biobased resources receiving much attention due to their nontoxic and sustainable characteristics 19–21 . As a result, numerous alternative plasticizers derived from biobased resources, have been developed, including fatty acid esters, 22,23 tung oil, 24,25 soybean oil, 26,27 isosorbide, 28,29 castor oil, 30–32 and tartaric acid 33 . Moreover, some biobased plasticizers have been developed and commercialized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ketal group in castor oil acid‐based plasticizer on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Zhu

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Two castor oil acid esters containing a ketal or ketone group (KCL or CL), as alternative plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), were prepared. The structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies. The effects of the presence of a ketal or ketone group in these compounds on PVC plasticization were examined. The DMA and SEM results showed that both plasticizers were miscible with PVC and exhibited excellent plasticizing properties, compared to those of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The PVC plasticized by KCL displayed a lower Tg value of 20.6°C, which was lower than that of PVC plasticized with DOP (22.3°C) and PVC plasticized with CL (40.5°C). Tensile tests indicated that PVC plasticized using KCL showed a 37% higher of elongation at break than PVC plasticized by CL and 30% higher than PVC plasticized by DOP. The plasticizing mechanism was also investigated. Moreover, exudation, volatility, and extraction tests, along with TGA indicated that the presence of ketal groups effectively improved the migration resistance of plasticizer and the thermal stability of PVC blends. Taken together, introducing ketal groups into plasticizer might be an effective strategy for improving its plasticizing efficiency.

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“…According to current research, PVC films plasticized with nontoxic hydrogenated castor oil, epoxidized soybean oil, and the mixture of both oils showed good plasticizing properties in comparison to the conventional and toxic phthalate plasticizers (Brostow et al, ). There are many other reports regarding the plasticizing effects of castor oil‐based plasticizers, such as epoxidized acetylated castor oil‐based plasticizers, which were found to be very efficient as renewable resource‐based plasticizers (Fu et al, ; Chen et al, ). Currently, an epoxy fatty acid multiester, dimer acid ester, and fatty acid glycidyl ester are also used as plasticizers in PVC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation and Biodegradation Study of Polyvinyl Chloride Films with Castor Oil‐based Plasticizer

Mukherjee

Ghosh

2019

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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In the present study, a renewable resourcebased plasticizer was synthesized by the lipase-catalyzed esterification reaction of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and castor oil fatty acid (COFA). The resultant ester (FA-COFA ester) was used as secondary plasticizers to the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films. The PVC films were formulated using the combination of a conventional plasticizer di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and FA-COFA ester as a secondary plasticizer at different concentrations. Films were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, mechanical performance, and migration stability. A biodegradability study of the PVC films showed increased degradability with increasing concentration of the FA-COFA ester in the PVC film. The study showed that ester of FA and COFA could be a substitute of DBP by as much as 80% of the total plasticizer with improved elongation and tensile properties, and such a kind of sustainable resource-based PVC blend films could be used as a good packaging material with biodegradable property. Keywords Polyvinyl chloride Á FA-COFA ester Á Plasticizer Á Mechanical performance Á Biodegradability of films J Am Oil Chem Soc (2020) 97: 187-199. Abbreviations COFA castor oil fatty acid DBP di-butyl phthalate DSC differential scanning calorimetry FA furfuryl alcohol GC gas chromatography PVC polyvinyl chloride SEM scanning electron microscopy TG/ DTA thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry XRD X-ray diffraction

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Synthesis and properties of castor oil based plasticizers

Abstract: A series of environment-friendly plasticizers has been synthesized from castor oil through a mild esterification/epoxidation reaction.

Cited by 68 publications

References 30 publications

An efficient plasticizer based on waste cooking oil: Structure and application

An efficient plasticizer based on waste cooking oil: Structure and application

Effect of ketal group in castor oil acid‐based plasticizer on the properties of poly(vinyl chloride)

Performance Evaluation and Biodegradation Study of Polyvinyl Chloride Films with Castor Oil‐based Plasticizer

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