Synthesis and properties of aromatic ether phosphine oxide containing oligomeric phthalonitrile resins with improved oxidative stability

Self-promoted curing phthalonitrile with high glass transition temperature for advanced composites

“…The exothermic transition peaked at 239°C and the enthalpy of cure was 179.3 J/g, which were a result of self-promoted curing reaction of the 3-APN monomer between the amino group and phthalonitrile units. For these phthalonitrile monomers [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], the polymerization reaction occurs through the nitrile groups of the phthalonitrile units in the presence of aromatic diamine curing agents and these exothermic transitions of the cure reaction peaked at 250-270°C. In addition, the maximum processing temperature was up to 425°C and the heat-treatment time was very long (> 10 h) due to the low reactivity of the phthalonitriles.…”

“…Generally, the neat curing of these phthalonitrile-based monomers carried out very slowly even at the fairly high temperatures and their curing processes have been studied by thermal analysis techniques [11][12][13][14]. Therefore, tremendous interests has been focused on initiating the curing process and shortening the curing time of phthalonitrile resins at the present of various curing additives such as phenols [15], organic amines [16], strong organic amines [17] and strong organic acid/amine salts [18].…”

“…Phthalonitrile-based monomers and oligomers containing a variety of linkages such as aromatic ether [10,20], sulfone [21], oligomeric aromatic ethercontaining units [11,12,14], oligomeric biphenyl ethernitrile units [22][23][24] and benzoxazine units [25,26] have been designed and synthesized. Then, greatly improved properties of these monomers and oligomers can be achieved by including a low complex melt viscosity and a broad processing window.…”

Mechanical and thermal properties of phthalonitrile resin reinforced with silicon carbide particles

“…Thus, phthalonitrile monomers containing aromatic ether, bisphenol-A, imide, thioether, and sulfone linkages between the terminal phthalonitrile units have been studied [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The second path was the study of the polymerization process which involves using the proper curing agent among the organic amines, strong organic acids, organic acids/amine salts, metallic salts and metals [15][16][17][18][19], or developing monomers which can be self-catalyzed [20][21][22][23][24][25]. The third one concerns the studies of the phthalonitrile resins as a matrix for composites.…”

Effect of bisphenol-A on the structures and properties of phthalonitrile-based resin containing benzoxazine

“…To solve these problems, phthalonitrile-based monomers with additional polymerisable groups such as amino, carboxyl, propargyl, oxazine, allyl, etc. were designed and synthesized to pursue self-promoted polymerization and a broad processing window for advanced applications [7][8][9][10][11]. It is well known that a simple and effective method is the incorporation of hydroxyl or amino groups into the reactive phthalonitrile units.…”