Synthesis and Modification of Zeolite ZSM-5 Catalyst with Solutions of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) for Methanol to Gasoline Conversion

Abstract

In this article, the ZSM-5 catalyst was used as the base catalyst and its structure was modified for conducting Methanol to Gasoline reactions. ZSM-5 catalyst reacts to the solutions with diverse concentrations of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and consequently, some changes were applied to its internal structure. Thus, Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) process was carried out under pressure of 1 atm, the temperature of 400°C, and specific surface area of 300 m2g-1 on synthetic zeolite ZSM-5 catalyst by a fixed-bed reactor. Structure and morphology of the synthesized catalyst were investigated by XRD, FT-IR, SEM, XRF and BET analyses. The effect of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions used for catalyst modification on the distribution of hydrocarbon products were studied and compared to ZSM-5 catalyst. The result of catalyst activity evaluation tests shows that the modified catalyst with a 0.1 molar solution of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 provides the highest selectivity and efficiency compared to the hydrocarbons in boiling point range of C6+ gasoline.

Protein nanoparticles in drug delivery: animal protein, plant proteins and protein cages, albumin nanoparticles

“… Immunogenicity: the human body has shown an immune response to foreign proteins and different degrees of immunogenicity are among the limitations of protein nanoparticles. However, when intravenous injection of albumin, gelatin, casein and zein nanoparticles [ 205 – 208 ], little immune response was observed [ 209 ]. Achieving a proper release pattern: since proteins are often hydrophilic molecules, most of them are not able to release the drug for a long time and their nanoparticles swell when they enter the body by absorbing water and the drug spreads rapidly outside.…”

“…Immunogenicity: the human body has shown an immune response to foreign proteins and different degrees of immunogenicity are among the limitations of protein nanoparticles. However, when intravenous injection of albumin, gelatin, casein and zein nanoparticles [ 205 – 208 ], little immune response was observed [ 209 ].…”

Methanol to Gasoline Conversion over CuO / ZSM-5 Catalyst Synthesized and Influence of Water on Conversion

“…Methanol to Gasoline process, which is a part of the general process of gas to a liquid, is a suitable alternative process. Since gasoline is often used in transportation and production of crude oil and it is going to be terminated with current consumption trends [13][14][15] . Given the limited current global petroleum resources, it seems necessary to find modern practices to produce valuable fuels like gasoline.…”

Synthesis of Nanocomposite (CAU-10-H) Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) Membrane for Removal of Color from the Water

“…Due to the rapid development of membrane technology, there is a strong interest in the development of high-performance membranes to meet current and future requirements and challenges [40] . Some materials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic materials [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] , zeolites [49][50] , and double-layered hydroxide, have considerable potential for high-performance membranes due to their high potential [51][52][53][54] . The presence of color in water results from the presence of natural colorants or the entry of industrial wastewater into the water.…”