Synthesis and kinetic studies of PMMA nanoparticles by non-conventionally initiated emulsion polymerization

Sahoo, Prafulla Kumar; Mohapatra, Roomky

doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(03)00090-9

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These particles can be synthesized via a family of different polymerization techniques including emulsion [4][5][6][7], micro-emulsion [8,9], miniemulsion [10], or non-conventionally initiated emulsion polymerization [11], as well as solvent shifting [12] and surfactant-free emulsion polymerization (SFEP) [13,14]. The use of the resulting particles for any particular application requires subsequent surface cleaning/modification steps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size controlled synthesis of sub-100 nm monodisperse poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

Camli

Büyükserin

Balci

et al. 2010

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size controlled synthesis of sub-100 nm monodisperse poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

Camli

Büyükserin

Balci

et al. 2010

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science

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“…Yan et al [49] investigated the surfactant-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate and acrylic acid initiated by ammonium persulfate. Other literature reported by Mahdavian and Abdollahi, Zhang et al, Shafei et al, and Sahoo and Mohapatra [50][51][52][53].…”

Section: Surfactant Free Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 79%

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

El-hoshoudy¹

2018

Recent Research in Polymerization

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Emulsion polymerization is a polymerization process with diferent applications on the industrial and academic scale. It involves application of emulsiier to emulsify hydrophobic polymers through aqueous phase by amphipathic emulsiier, then generation of free radicals with either a water or oil soluble initiators. It characterized by reduction of bimolecular termination of free radicals due to segregation of free radicals among the discrete monomer-swollen polymer particles. The latex particles size ranged from 10 nm to 1000 nm in a diameter and are generally spherical. A typical of particle consist of 1-10,000 macromolecules, where macromolecule contains about 100-10 6 monomer units.Keywords: emulsion polymerization, emulsiied monomers, particle nucleation and polymerization mechanism IntroductionEmulsion polymerization is a unique process involves emulsiication of hydrophobic monomers by oil-in water emulsiier, then reaction initiation with either a water soluble initiator (e.g. potassium persulfate (K 2 S 2 O 8 ) or an oil-soluble initiator (e.g. 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)) [1,2] in the presence of stabilizer which may be ionic, nonionic or protective colloid to disperse hydrophobic monomer through aqueous solution [3,4]. Typical polymerization monomers involve vinyl monomers of the structure (CH 2 =CH-). These emulsion polymers ind a wide range of applications such as synthetic rubbers, thermoplastics, coatings, adhesives, binders, rheological modiiers, plastic pigments [1]. Emulsion polymerization is a rather complex process because nucleation, growth and stabilization of polymer particles are controlled by the free radical polymerization mechanisms in combination with various colloidal phenomena [1]. Aside from other polymerization techniques, emulsion polymerization afords increasing molecular weight of the formed latexes through decreasing polymerization rate by either decreasing initiator concentration or lowering reaction temperature [5,6].© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Systems of emulsion polymerization involve (1) conventional emulsion polymerization, in which a hydrophobic monomer emulsiied in water and polymerization initiated with a watersoluble initiator [5]. (2) Inverse emulsion polymerization [7], where organic solvents of very low polarity as parain or xylene used as a polymerization media to emulsify hydrophilic monomers [5], then initiation proceed with the aid of hydrophobic initiator [5]. These two polymerization types known as oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions [5]. (3) Mini emulsion polymerization involves systems with monomer droplets in water with much smaller droplets than in emulsion polymerization and characterized by monomer droplet =50-1000 nm, surfactant concentration < critical micelle co...

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“…The reaction conditions are listed in Table I. Although Cu 2+ has been used with sulfite ion (SO

_{3}^{2−}

) or persulfate ion (S 2 O

_{8}^{2−}

) to initiate free‐radical polymerization,13–17 it has generally been considered by these authors a catalyst to promote the homolysis of the initiator into two free radicals. However, in a study of the persulfate–bisulfite–Cu 2+ initiated emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride, Mork and Ugelstad22 believed that a redox reaction occurred between Cu 2+ and SO

_{3}^{2−}

in which copper directly snatched an electron from the sulfite ion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, methyl methacrylate (MMA) is polymerized in the aqueous phase by potassium persulfate, where oligomeric radicals with negative charges are generated and subsequently form micelles and monomer‐swollen particles 3. However, reports on complex initiator systems containing copper compounds in emulsion polymerization are limited 13–15. Sahoo and Mohapatra13 investigated the catalytic effect of various bivalent transition metal–ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid complex systems with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator to polymerize MMA by emulsion polymerization, in which the transition metal acted as a catalyst to facilitate the homolysis of the OO bond in APS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, reports on complex initiator systems containing copper compounds in emulsion polymerization are limited 13–15. Sahoo and Mohapatra13 investigated the catalytic effect of various bivalent transition metal–ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid complex systems with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the initiator to polymerize MMA by emulsion polymerization, in which the transition metal acted as a catalyst to facilitate the homolysis of the OO bond in APS. They found that a Cu 2+ –ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid/APS system showed the maximum rate of polymerization ( R p ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Synthesis and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles by emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization with a redox‐initiated system

Chiu¹,

Don²

2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, the emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was initiated directly by a Cu 21 /HSO 3 2 redox system. Latex particles with negative charge due to the bonded anionic sulfite ion were successfully synthesized after 2 h of reaction at 40-608C. Scanning electron microscopy pictures showed a uniform particle size distribution, and the average size decreased from 223 to 165 nm wit increasing reaction temperature from 40 to 608C. The initiation step in the polymerization mechanism was proven to be a redox reaction, in which Cu 21 oxidized the bisulfite ion to produce an anionic sulfite radical and proton. The produced anionic sulfite radical then initiated the polymerization of MMA. Moreover, Cu 21 not only served as one component in the redox initiator system but also as a chain-transfer agent that terminated growing polymer chains to produce chains with unsaturated end groups [poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)À ÀCH¼ ¼CH 2 ]. For this system, about 17% PMMAÀ ÀCH¼ ¼CH 2 was produced. The tacticities of the PMMA latex prepared at 40-608C were almost the same, about 62-64% syndiotactic, 33-35% heterotactic, and 3% isotactic. These PMMA latexes had almost the same glasstransition temperature, 125-1278C, regardless of the reaction temperatures, and their weight-average molecular weights were in the range between 254,000 and 315,000.

show abstract

Synthesis and kinetic studies of PMMA nanoparticles by non-conventionally initiated emulsion polymerization

Cited by 28 publications

References 16 publications

Size controlled synthesis of sub-100 nm monodisperse poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

Size controlled synthesis of sub-100 nm monodisperse poly(methylmethacrylate) nanoparticles using surfactant-free emulsion polymerization

Emulsion Polymerization Mechanism

Synthesis and characterization of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles by emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization with a redox‐initiated system

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