Synthesis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anthelminthic Evaluation of Naphtholic and Phenolic Azo Dyes

Abstract

The antimicrobial activity of 2-naphtholic and phenolic azo compounds was determined against seven microbial species, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyrogenes (clinical), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Salmonella typhi (clinical), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 251922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), using the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition assay (HT-SPOTi). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for the active azo dyes. All the azo compounds (A1–B4) were screened for anthelmintic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, Hyperiodrilus spp. As part of the systematic investigation for biological activity, all the azo compounds exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the seven human pathogenic microorganisms. All the compounds exhibited anthelminthic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, Hyperiodrilus spp.

Antimicrobial Activity and In silico ADME Prediction of Synthesised 8-hydroxyquinoline Azo Compounds against Some ESKAPE Human Pathogens and Mycobacterium smegmatis

“…Furthermore, the introduction of nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds such as, quinoline, pyridine, thiadiazole, and triazole, confer the significant antimicrobial activities including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimycotic activities [19]. Their synthetic route follows the diazotization of primary aromatic amines and an electron-rich moiety (coupling reagents) which mimics the principle of molecular hybridization [20,21] (Scheme 1). Also, recent drug discovery strategies involve the development of novel chemical moieties by employing pharmacophore hybridization: a process of linking two biologically active groups together by a covalent bond [22,23].…”

An Efficient Approach for the Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel Azo‐ and Anil‐Linked with 3‐Aminopyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine

“…Numerous investigations have been set on the biological effects of heterocyclic azo derivatives in both in vivo and in vitro studies, including the anthelmintic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activity. [14][15][16] In addition, iminopyrazole, pyrimidoquinoline derivatives, and pyridopyrazolpyrimidines are significant molecules that have gained a considerable amount of attention due to their wide variety of industrial and biomedical applications, including antitumor, [17,18] antibacterial, [19,20] antioxidant, [19] antifungal, [20,21] antimalarial, [22] anti-inflammatory, [23,24] antiviral, [18] and an azo derivative that is effective in DNA cleaving. [25] Additionally, imines have been discovered to have cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against some cancer cell lines, including (Panc-1), (Caco-2), and leukemia, [26,27] in which the azomethine link was thought to be vital for biological activity.…”

Synthesis and characterization of azobenzene derived from 8-aminoquinoline in aqueous media

“…Azobenzenes are an important class of organic compounds that are widely used as organic dyes (1, 2), protein probes (3,4), chemosensors (5,6), cosmetics (7)(8)(9), nanotubes (10,11) and polymers (12)(13)(14). Due to the presence of N-N linkages, they have been used for pharmacological applications such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, antidiabetics, and antituberculotic (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Beyond their potential in these application areas, azo-compounds are mostly used as dyes.…”