Synthesis and Frictional Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Obtained from Fatty Acids of Castor Oil

Filho, Paulo Roberto Campos Flexa Ribeiro; Nascimento, Matheus Rocha do; Silva, Silvia Shelly Otaviano da; Luna, Francisco; Rodríguez‐Castellón, Enrique; Cavalcante, Candice Torres de Melo Bezerra

doi:10.3390/lubricants11020057

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The peaks (III) and (IV) indicate the hydrogen atoms attached to the sp³ carbon (-CH2-) [50,51]. As for the BL1 sample, the appearance of the peak (V), associated with the hydrogen atom attached to the carbon close to the sp³ oxygen of the ester functional group (RCOOR'), confirms the esterification reaction [8,52]. In the epoxidized sample, the absence of the peak (VI), related to the double bonds, and the appearance of the peak (VII), characteristic of the formation of the epoxy ring, indicate the success of the epoxidation reaction [53,54].…”

Section: Chemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In all samples, sharp bands may be observed at 2924 cm -1 and 2854 cm -1 , corresponding respectively to the stretching vibrations of -CH3 and -CH2- [31]. The band at 1710 cm -1 in the COFA sample is attributed to the carbonyl group (C=O) in long-chain fatty acids [8]. After esterification, this peak shifts to approximately 1741 cm -1 , corresponding to the stretching vibration of the carbonyl ester bond, confirming the formation of the ester structure in BL1 [43][44][45].…”

Section: Chemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…An interesting alternative to conventional lubricants is the use of fatty acids to obtain the so-called biolubricants. The possibility of using different vegetable oils, alcohols, and other materials may be beneficial in designing a wide range of products with varied physicochemical and tribological properties [8]. Bio-based oils have most of the properties required for lubricants such as high viscosity indices, low volatility, good lubricity and improved compatibility with additives molecules [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermo-Oxidative Stability and Tribological Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Synthesized Using Isoamyl Alcohol

Melo Neta,

Lima,

Tavares

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Castor oil may be differentiated from other non-edible vegetable oils because of its main composition of hydroxylated fatty acids. Ricinoleic acid comprises 80–90% wt. of fatty acids in castor oil (Ricinus communis). In this study, the thermo-oxidative stability and tribological behavior of bio-based lubricant samples synthesized from castor oil using isoamyl alcohol were evaluated. Initially, the compositional and physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were assessed using 1H NMR, FTIR, and ASTM methods. Oxidative stability of the samples was evaluated using Rancimat method at 110 °C under air flow. The final biolubricant sample (BL2), obtained after esterification, epoxidation, and oxirane rings opening reactions, presented an oxidation stability time (OST) of 14.3 h. The thermal stability was also evaluated by thermogravimetry (TG) from the mass variations under inert and oxidative atmosphere. BL2 showed higher thermal stability compared to the other samples, demonstrating higher decomposition temperatures in both inert (339.04 °C) and oxidative (338.47 °C) atmospheres, for a mass loss of 50%. The tribological properties of the samples were evaluated using a four-ball tribometer configuration. The BL1 and BL2 samples exhibited lower friction coefficients than the mineral oil sample (MOS) by 21.5% and 43.1%, respectively. Regarding wear, the observed wear scar diameter (WSD) was also lower in BL1 and BL2 compared to MOS by 5.2% and 40.4%, respectively. The results of the tribological evaluation suggest that both samples obtained in this study have promising potential for applications in lubricating machines and mechanical systems.

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Section: Chemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Chemical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermo-Oxidative Stability and Tribological Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Synthesized Using Isoamyl Alcohol

Melo Neta,

Lima,

Tavares

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…CO and its synthesized polyols have higher viscosities than ESO and its derivatives. This is due to the presence of intermolecular interactions of the hydrogen bond type, as CO has a hydroxyl group in the structure (Ribeiro Filho, do Nascimento, da Silva, et al, 2023).…”

Section: Rheologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyols from castor oil (Ricinus communis) and epoxidized soybean oil (Glycine max) for application as a lubricant base

Stradolini,

Gryczak,

Petzhold

2023

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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Polyols are widely synthesized from fossil sources and applied in multiple sectors of the industry as raw material for polyurethane production and also as lubricants. Although the preparation method normally used is efficient and practical, it is necessary to develop environmentally friendly synthesis route that reduce pollution. This study focuses on an alternative synthetic route for the synthesis of polyols using only raw materials from renewable sources. Polyols were successfully obtained by modifying castor oil and epoxidized soybean oil through transesterification, transamidation and oxirane ring opening. The polyols were then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C‐NMR), acidity index (AI), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic viscosity and exploratory scanning of ecotoxicological parameters using Artemia salina. The results highlight the promising potential of transamidated castor oil (TACO) polyol in the field of biolubricants, attributed to its high viscosity index, oxidative stability and, ecofriendly behavior.

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“…There are a number of important fatty acids detected in castor oil, including linoleic, oleic, stearic, and linolenic fatty acids [ 11 , 22 ]. It can be used as a bio-based lubricant obtained from the fatty acids of castor oil [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Microwave Hot Pressing Machine for Production of Fixed Oils from Different Biopolymeric Structured Tissues

Hindi,

Dawoud,

Ismail

et al. 2023

Polymers

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A microwave hot pressing machine (MHPM) was used to heat the colander to produce fixed oils from each of castor, sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa seed and compared them to those obtained using an ordinary electric hot pressing machine (EHPM). The physical properties, namely the moisture content of seed (MCs), the seed content of fixed oil (Scfo), the yield of the main fixed oil (Ymfo), the yield of recovered fixed oil (Yrfo), extraction loss (EL), six Efficiency of fixed oil extraction (Efoe), specific gravity (SGfo), refractive index (RI) as well as chemical properties, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and the yield of fatty acid (Yfa) of the four oils extracted by the MHPM and EHPM were determined. Chemical constituents of the resultant oil were identified using GC/MS after saponification and methylation processes. The Ymfo and SV obtained using the MHPM were higher than those for the EHPM for all four fixed oils studied. On the other hand, each of the SGfo, RI, IN, AV, and pH of the fixed oils did not alter statistically due to changing the heating tool from electric band heaters into a microwave beam. The qualities of the four fixed oils extracted by the MHPM were very encouraging as a pivot of the industrial fixed oil projects compared to the EHPM. The prominent fatty acid of the castor fixed oil was found to be ricinoleic acid, making up 76.41% and 71.99% contents of oils extracted using the MHPM and EHPM, respectively. In addition, the oleic acid was the prominent fatty acid in each of the fixed oils of sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa species, and its yield by using the MHPM was higher than that for the EHPM. The role of microwave irradiation in facilitating fixed oil extrusion from the biopolymeric structured organelles (lipid bodies) was protruded. Since it was confirmed by the present study that using microwave irradiation is simple, facile, more eco-friendly, cost-effective, retains parent quality of oils, and allows for the warming of bigger machines and spaces, we think it will make an industrial revolution in oil extraction field.

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Synthesis and Frictional Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Obtained from Fatty Acids of Castor Oil

Cited by 12 publications

References 53 publications

Thermo-Oxidative Stability and Tribological Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Synthesized Using Isoamyl Alcohol

Thermo-Oxidative Stability and Tribological Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Synthesized Using Isoamyl Alcohol

Polyols from castor oil (Ricinus communis) and epoxidized soybean oil (Glycine max) for application as a lubricant base

A Novel Microwave Hot Pressing Machine for Production of Fixed Oils from Different Biopolymeric Structured Tissues

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