Synthesis and excretion of glycerol teichoic acid during growth of two streptococcal species

Joseph, R.; Shockman, Gérald D.

doi:10.1128/iai.12.2.333-338.1975

Cited by 96 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…The complement activation by LTA may also play a role in pathogenicity. From various bacteria LTA is spontaneously released (23,28), and this process may be stimulated during treatment with penicillin and other cell wall inhibitors (1,21). If the lipid anchor remains intact, excreted LTA forms micelles which, as shown in this study, may consume complement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Interaction of purified lipoteichoic acid with the classical complement pathway

Loos¹,

Clas²,

Fischer³

1986

Infect Immun

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Glycerophosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) interact with the first component of the classical complement pathway (C1). This resulted in the activation of the classical complement pathway in serum, shown by the consumption of Cl, C2, and C4. The dose-dependent interaction of LTAs with purified Cl and Clq was dependent on the negative charges of the phosphate groups of LTA. It was reduced by charge compensation through D-alanine ester substituents and by sterical hindrance through di-and trihexosyl residues linked to position 2 of the glycerol moieties. The charge density of LTA may also play a role: poly(digalactosylglycerophosphate) LTAs, in which the phosphate groups are in a greater distance from each other, were less effective, and the loss of micellar organization by deacylation of LTA drastically reduced the complement activation capacity. 595 on July 31, 2020 by guest http://iai.asm.org/ Downloaded from

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Interaction of purified lipoteichoic acid with the classical complement pathway

Loos¹,

Clas²,

Fischer³

1986

Infect Immun

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“…Proteins involved in wall assembly or modification or lipoteichoic acids might be good candidates for such "filler polymers." Lipoteichoic acids are membrane-associated polymers which, at least in several gram-positive species, are known to extend into and through the wall structure (31) and be excreted into the growth medium (20). Supposedly, during cell breakage, enough of these polymers would be extracted from the wall to make the globules and central channel visible.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural arrangement of polymers within the wall of Streptococcus faecalis

Tsien¹,

Shockman²,

Higgins³

1978

J Bacteriol

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The structure of the cell wall of Streptococcus faecalis was studied in thin sections and freeze fractures of whole cells and partially purified wall fractions. Also, the structures of wall preparations treated with hot trichloroacetic acid to remove non-peptidoglycan wall polymers were compared with wall preparations that possess a full complement of accessory polymers. The appearance of the wall varied with the degree of hydration of preparations and physical removal of the cell membrane from the wall before study. Seen in freeze fractures of whole cells, the fully hydrated wall seemed to be a thick, largely amorphic layer. Breaking cells with beads caused the cell membrane to separate from the wall and transforned the wall from a predominantly. amorphic layer to a structure seemingly made up of two rows of "cobblestones" enclosing a central channel of lower density. Dehydration of walls seemingly caused the cobblestones to be transformed into two bands which continued to be separated by a channel. This channel was also observed in isolated wall preparations treated with hot trichloroacetic acid to remove non-peptidoglycan polymers. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that both peptidoglycan and non-peptidoglycan polymers are concentrated at the outer and inner surfaces of cell walls. These observations are discussed in relation to possible models of wall structure and assembly.Walls of gram-positive bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan to which is covalently linked one or more non-peptidoglycan polymers, such as anionic, teichoic, or teichuronic acids, and neutral polysaccharides. Currently, little, is known about the exact topological localization of the various wall polymers. The question of exclusive or enriched domains within walls remains open.Several kinds of evidence have been used to promote the idea that various polymers in walls are enriched in specific wall areas. First is the appearance of walls of a variety of gram-positive species in thin sections. Frequently, two electron-dense bands enclosing a less dense central zone are seen (16). This appearance has led to the idea that the outer and inner dense bands might be enriched in anionic polymers which would bind larger amounts of the heavy metal stains used to improve the contrast of these preparations. Although phosphate groups in the teichoic acid of Streptococcus faecalis have a high affinity for uranyl acetate, this affinity was greatly reduced after exposure of walls to osmium tetroxide (14). Since fixation with osmium almost invariably precedes uranyl acetate staining of thin sections, it seems unlikely that the tribanded appearance is due solely to selective binding of uranyl ions by phosphate groups.However, in support of the idea that anions are concentrated at wall surfaces are studies of sectiots of Bacillus subtilis in which tribanded walls were visualized in sections that had never been exposed to either heavy metal stains or osmium tetroxide (29). The tribanded image observed was interpreted as indicating an ac...

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“…Cultures of S. mutans BHT were grown for at least eight generations of exponential growth in a chemically defined medium (36) containing 2 FCi of [1(3)-'4C]glycerol (Amersham Corp., Arlington Heights, Ill.; specific activity, 56 mCi/mmol) per ml, 20 Fg of glycerol per ml (21), and 0.01 M sodium bicarbonate in a total volume of 10 ml. A portion of this culture was then inoculated into 30 ml of the above chemically defined medium containing ['4C]glycerol of the same specific activity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of penicillin on synthesis and excretion of lipid and lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus mutans BHT

Brissette¹,

Shockman²,

Pieringer³

1982

J Bacteriol

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Cultures of Streptococcus mutans BHT grown for at least eight generations in a chemically defined medium containing [1(3)-14C]glycerol, when treated with growth-inhibitory concentrations (0.2 micrograms/ml) of benzylpenicillin (Pen G), produced and excreted increased amounts of lipid and lipoteichoic acid per unit of cells. Cellular lysis was not observed. Compared with untreated controls, lipid excretion increased 15-fold, and lipoteichoic acid excretion increased 6-fold, 4 h after the addition of Pen G. All lipid species showed increased synthesis and excretion after exposure to Pen G. Although the same lipid types were found in both the Pen G-treated and the untreated cultures, the percent composition was altered after treatment with Pen G. The most dramatic example of this was the percentage of intracellular diphosphatidylglycerol found in the Pen G-treated cultures, 22.6%, in contrast to 5.3% found in the untreated cultures.

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Synthesis and excretion of glycerol teichoic acid during growth of two streptococcal species

Cited by 96 publications

References 16 publications

Interaction of purified lipoteichoic acid with the classical complement pathway

Interaction of purified lipoteichoic acid with the classical complement pathway

Structural arrangement of polymers within the wall of Streptococcus faecalis

Effects of penicillin on synthesis and excretion of lipid and lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus mutans BHT

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