The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M
pro
) is a medicinal chemistry target for
COVID-19 treatment. Given the clinical efficacy of β-lactams as inhibitors of
bacterial nucleophilic enzymes, they are of interest as inhibitors of viral nucleophilic
serine and cysteine proteases. We describe the synthesis of penicillin derivatives which
are potent M
pro
inhibitors and investigate their mechanism of inhibition
using mass spectrometric and crystallographic analyses. The results suggest that
β-lactams have considerable potential as M
pro
inhibitors via a
mechanism involving reaction with the nucleophilic cysteine to form a stable
acyl–enzyme complex as shown by crystallographic analysis. The results highlight
the potential for inhibition of viral proteases employing nucleophilic catalysis by
β-lactams and related acylating agents.