Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine TATB

Nandi, A. K.; Kasar, S. M.; Thanigaivelan, U.; Ghosh, M. K.; Mandal, A. K.; Bhattacharyya, Shubhankar

doi:10.1080/07370650701567066

Cited by 33 publications

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References 8 publications

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“…The intermolecularb onds formed within these molecular layers of TATB are strong hydrogen bonds, while the bonds betweena djacent layers are of relatively weaker van der Waals type, leading to stronglya nisotropic deformation and thermal expansion behavior. Third, the geometric morphology of TATB crystals is also anisotropic;d epending on the synthesis route, the graphite-like platelet aspect ratioc an be somewhat mitigated or exaggerated, wheret he large flat surfacesc orrespond to crystallographic (001) planes [3,4].The thermal expansion of single-crystal TATB is entirely reversible. However,b ulk polycrystalline TATB exhibits an irreversible volumee xpansion upon thermal cycling while in Abstract:T riaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) is ah ighly anisotropic molecular crystal used in several plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations.…”

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Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Micromechanical Modelling of Temperature‐Dependent Variations in TATB Lattice Parameters

Yeager

Luscher

Vogel

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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[c] 1IntroductionTriaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) is ah igh explosive thati s used in extremely safe ("insensitive") explosive formulations. Twoo ft he most widely used formulationsa re the plastic-bonded explosives( PBX) PBX 9502 (95 wt-% TATB, 5wt-% Kel-F8 00 polymer binder) and LX-17 (92.5 wt-% TATB, 7.5 wt-% Kel-F8 00). The propensity of these PBX formulationst or emain unreactiveu nder aw ide rangeo fp otential insults, including fragment impact and fire disaster scenarios, has led to their widespread applicationa cross many weapons systems [1].W hile TATB is advantageous in this regard, there are three sources of anisotropy in TATB crystals that complicate mechanisms of polycrystalr esponse. First,T ATBh as at riclinic crystal structure that is as ource of crystal anisotropy in its own right [2].S econd, each triclinicu nit cell of TATB possesses two TATB molecules each comprising am odified benzene ring.T he bonds within the modified benzene ring are sufficiently strong that the molecules remain flat and aligned in layersa long the (001)c rystallographic plane. The intermolecularb onds formed within these molecular layers of TATB are strong hydrogen bonds, while the bonds betweena djacent layers are of relatively weaker van der Waals type, leading to stronglya nisotropic deformation and thermal expansion behavior. Third, the geometric morphology of TATB crystals is also anisotropic;d epending on the synthesis route, the graphite-like platelet aspect ratioc an be somewhat mitigated or exaggerated, wheret he large flat surfacesc orrespond to crystallographic (001) planes [3,4].The thermal expansion of single-crystal TATB is entirely reversible. However,b ulk polycrystalline TATB exhibits an irreversible volumee xpansion upon thermal cycling while in Abstract:T riaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) is ah ighly anisotropic molecular crystal used in several plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations. TATB-based explosives exhibit irreversible volume expansion( "ratchet growth") whent hermally cycled. At heoretical understanding of the relationship betweena nisotropy of the crystal, crystal orientation distribution (texture) of polycrystalline aggregates, and the intergranular interactions leading to this irreversible growth is necessary to accurately develop physics-based predictive models for TATB-basedPBXs under variousthermal environments. In this work, TATB lattice parameters were measured using neutron diffraction duringt hermal cyclingo fl oose powder and ap ressedp ellet. The measured lattice parameters help clarify conflictingr eports in the literature as these new results are more consistent with one set of previous results than another.T he lattice parameters of pressed TATB were also measured as af unction of temperature, showings ome differences from the powder.T his data is used along with anisotropic single-crystal stiffness moduli reported in thel iterature to model the nominal stresses associated with intergranularc onstraints during thermal expansion. The texture of both specimens were characterized...

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Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Micromechanical Modelling of Temperature‐Dependent Variations in TATB Lattice Parameters

Yeager

Luscher

Vogel

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…Adding water in the second step and adding the acid solution in the third steps both result in the recrystallisation of TATB, and they involve reaction crystallisation process. On the basis of literature [34, 35], earlier work at our laboratory has studied the reaction process in detail. It is clear that TATB is dissolved at high pH, but precipitated at low pH.…”

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confidence: 99%

Method for surface coating of octahdro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine with submicron 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene

Tan

Duan

et al. 2016

Micro & Nano Letters

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trinitrobenzene (TATB), was introduced to coat HMX by a novel method. This novel method contained the reaction crystallisation and the solvent-non-solvent method. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and optical microscopy analyses showed that a homogeneous layer of TATB particles with submicron scale had been successfully coated on the surface of HMX particle. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry indicated that the coated HMX only had an exothermic peak at 279.4°C, and the phase transition temperature reached 213.5°C and increased by 20.2°C compared with the pure HMX. The content of the coating TATB was determined to be 6.2 wt.% through high-performance liquid chromatograph. Relative to the mechanically mixed HMX/TATB, the drop height (H 50) was increased from 23.0 to 74.1 cm, and the friction probability was reduced from 4 to 0% for the coated HMX.

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“…However, the synthesis using 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (sym-TCB) has been adopted for pilot-plant scale production worldwide [15,16]. HEMRL has also set up a pilot plant for the production of TATB on the kilogram-scale [17,18]. The reaction scheme adopted for our pilot plant is shown below (Figures 1 and 2 Figure 2.…”

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A Validated Reverse Phase HPLC Technique for the Determination of TATB Assay

Bhattacharyya

Patil

Santosh

et al. 2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Abstract:The main hurdle for the estimation of the purity of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) is its insolubility in most of the known organic solvents. In the conventional method, TATB is digested with steam in a modified Kjeldahl digester and the ammonia evolved is estimated quantitatively. To do away with this cumbersome method, a simple, rapid HPLC technique using a reverse phase C-18 column has been established for quantitative determination of the purity of TATB. A sharp and symmetrical peak with a retention time of 2.92 min at 355 nm is obtained for pure TATB when the flow rate is 2.0 mL/min. The linearity of the detector response has been studied with sample concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mg/L. The method addresses two important issues of sample preparation and the precision of measurement. Unlike the previously reported HPLC techniques which mainly aimed at the detection of TATB, the present work is a validated account of a quantitative estimation of purity. Regular production batch samples have been assayed by this method and the results are compared with those obtained from the conventional analysis. The HPLC method is convenient and reliable for quality control of the product at the plant level.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine TATB

Cited by 33 publications

References 8 publications

Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Micromechanical Modelling of Temperature‐Dependent Variations in TATB Lattice Parameters

Neutron Diffraction Measurements and Micromechanical Modelling of Temperature‐Dependent Variations in TATB Lattice Parameters

Method for surface coating of octahdro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine with submicron 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene

A Validated Reverse Phase HPLC Technique for the Determination of TATB Assay

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