Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 doping with rare earths by sol–gel method: photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation

Photocatalytic Treatment of Pesticides Using TiO2 Doped with Rare Earth

“…The specific area values of the pure, doped, and calcined catalysts at 500 and 800°C are compiled in Table 1. As expected, the presence of the dopants in the titania increases the specific area for all materials treated at 500°C, which previously had already been described with other materials [51]. The value of this parameter was between 90.10 and 119.50 m 2 /g, the sample doped with Ce 0.3% presented the highest value, and this increase can be attributed to (1) the high dispersion that had the rare earth ions and this can be seen in Figure 6b with the image describing the elemental dispersion of Sm at 0.3% in titania, which also manifests with all doping ions, (2) to the impediment of rare earth ions to enter the lattice titania due to the large size of its ions, (3) the low amount of dopant that was used and (4) the reduction in the size of the crystal.…”

“…However, the reduction in the value of this parameter is explained by the possible blocking of porous cavities by the dopants. Similarly, at 800°C, the materials showed similar behavior, but to these conditions, the increase in the pore diameter is due to pore coalescence during calcination [51].…”

“…The gels were dried in a rotating evaporator at 70°C under vacuum, subsequently, gels were placed into an oven at 120°C during 12 h. Samples were calcined at 500 and 800°C during 4 h with a heating ramp of 2°C/min. The same procedure was carried out but without adding the precursors of the rare earth ions to obtain the pure titania [51].…”

Photocatalytic oxidation of organic dyes and pollutants in wastewater using different modified titanium dioxides: A comparative review

“…-Lanthanide: Lanthanide ions (La 3+ [131][132][133], Ce 3+ [134][135][136][137], Nd 3+ , Er 3+ , Pr 3+ , Gd 3+ , or Sm 3+ [138] are used to enhance photocatalytic activity as they can form complexes with various Lewis bases in the interaction of the functional groups of the organic molecules with their f-orbital.…”

Visible-light simultaneous photocatalysis of methyl orange and Cr(VI) in water by rare earth modified titanium dioxide

“…Though TiO 2 shows many advantages, there are two bottlenecks in application: one is the quick combination of photo-generated electrons and holes, and the other is the little sun utilization rate. Many researchers have tried to modify TiO 2 in order to reduce the combination of electrons and holes and increase the absorption scope of sunlight, such as rare earth (La, Ce, Pr, and Nd) modification [6][7][8][9][10] modification, and composite catalyst [12][13][14]. Rare earth elements modification could suppress the transition of TiO 2 from anatase to rutile phase and make the catalyst particle size smaller and specific surface area larger than those of the nonmodified, and using rare earth elements to modify TiO 2 has been the popular method to improve the photocatalytic activity [15][16][17].…”