“…The unique properties of Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) make it a point of attraction for many applications. It is the most readily available material for self-cleaning applications in window glass, self-cleaning membranes, and photovoltaic panels [1,2,3]. The use of TiO 2 is attractive because it is cheap, non-poisonous, odourless, non-flammable, and highly porous [4].…”