“…Perovskite oxides hold great promise as candidate materials for field effect transistors (FETs), sensors, and memristors due to their rich electronic properties. − The adjustable oxygen vacancies in these materials act as tunable defects that can influence surface reactions and the electronic states of adsorbates. By modulating these vacancies, it is possible to transform insulating and semiconducting oxides into metallic conductors, modify magnetic properties, and enhance ion conductivity. − The precise measurement of pH, particularly in highly alkaline environments, is a critical parameter in various industrial processes, including metal smelting, leatherworking, papermaking, nuclear fuel reprocessing, and waste treatment. − Recent scientific endeavors have focused on pH sensing in highly alkaline conditions, resulting in the discovery of promising materials and devices. Li et al developed a polybisphenol-based pH electrode that exhibited a good potentiometric response across a pH range of 0 to 15 .…”