“…Similarly, the insertion of foreign metal particles into IONPs alter their physicochemical, as well as biological, electrical, and optical, properties and improve performance compared to bare IONPs . IONPs are doped with several metals, and their oxides, such as Ni, , Cu, , Co, Zn, , Se, Mo, Au, , ZnO, , CuO, exhibit antimicrobial activity toward pathogenic bacteria.…”