Synthesis and Characterization of Polyol Poly-12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid: Applications in Preparing Environmentally Friendly Overbased Calcium Oleate Detergent

Abstract

In this study, the poly-12-hydroxy stearic acid (PTHSA) was synthesized and then modified by esterification with pentaerythritol to obtain a polyol polymeric hyperdispersant (polyol-PTHSA). Under suitable reaction conditions (molar ratio pentaerythritol/PTHSA, 1.2:1; reaction temperature, 453 K; and reaction time, 4−8 h), the polyol-PTHSA with acid value of 3 mg of KOH/g can be obtained. The structures were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The polyol-PTHSA was subsequently used as a hyperdispersant in the process of preparing environmentally friendly overbased calcium oleate detergent to increase the total base number of the product. Reaction conditions including the polymerization catalyst, the catalyst amount, the amount of xylene, the polymerization temperature, the polymerization time, the polyol-PTHSA amount, and the acid value of the PTHSA were optimized.

Revisiting the Synthesis of a Well-Known Comb-Graft Copolymer Stabilizer and Its Application to the Dispersion Polymerization of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in Organic Media

“…The self-condensation reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol groups produces a low molecular weight polyester that becomes the soluble component of the stabilizer. The synthesis can be accomplished using sulfonic acids, , tin(II) chloride, or with no catalyst present. , This is a reversible reaction, reaching chemical equilibrium when both products and reactants are present. The catalyst affects both the forward (esterification) and reverse (hydrolysis) reactions, and equilibrium is shifted by removing one of the products.…”

“…The polycondensation reaction follows second-order kinetics for ∼85% of the reaction . Catalyst type and loading, the amount of entrainer, as well as polymerization temperature and time have been studied systematically by Wang et al Alternatively, the esterification may be done irreversibly via the acid chloride using phosphorus trichloride to produce monodisperse oligomers . The first approach is more direct and results in a constant degree of branching and polydisperse chain length.…”

Preparation of reactive nanoscale carbon black dispersion for pad coloration of cotton fabric

“…Dispersants both wet and stabilise the pigment dispersion process due to their combination of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups . In aqueous media, the dispersant adsorbs onto the pigment surface via hydrophobic groups and offer repulsive forces via hydrophilic groups, which effectively prevents pigment flocculation or coagulation.…”

Universal Phase Transformation Mechanism and Substituted Alkyl Length and Number Effect for the Preparation of Overbased Detergents Based on Calcium Alkylbenzene Sulfonates

“…1−3 Calcium alkylbenzene sulfonates, well-known for their high thermal stabilities, good detergency, rust inhibition, and antiwear properties, 4,5 are among the most widely used surfactants for commercial overbased detergent preparation as well as various industrial oil applications. Besides, some novel surfactant systems addressing environmental concerns have been developed recently utilizing calixarene/stearate surfactants to prepare sulfur-free overbased detergents 6−8 or employing oleate 9−13 or polyol poly-12-hydroxystearic acid surfactants 14 to synthesize biodegradable overbased detergents.…”

“…Overbased detergents are among the most important additives in lubricant formulations, which typically consist of variant inorganic bases, surfactants, and diluent oil with the oil-soluble colloidal nanoparticles of metal carbonate (and metal hydroxide) as an alkaline reserve to effectively neutralize both inorganic and organic acids produced during combustion, thus to avoid sludge accumulation and prevent internal combustion engine corrosion. , A range of surfactants have been utilized to synthesize overbased detergents for variant applications, typically sulfonates, phenates, salicylates, phosphonates, and others. − Calcium alkylbenzene sulfonates, well-known for their high thermal stabilities, good detergency, rust inhibition, and antiwear properties, , are among the most widely used surfactants for commercial overbased detergent preparation as well as various industrial oil applications. Besides, some novel surfactant systems addressing environmental concerns have been developed recently utilizing calixarene/stearate surfactants to prepare sulfur-free overbased detergents − or employing oleate − or polyol poly-12-hydroxystearic acid surfactants to synthesize biodegradable overbased detergents.…”