Synthesis and characterization of phenolic resole resins for composite applications

Shafizadeh, J. E.; Guionnet, S.; Tillman, M. S.; Seferis, James C.

doi:10.1002/1097-4628(19990725)73:4<505::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-l

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The synthesized liquid resole resin is cured by heating it to elevated temperature (150°C) or to lower temperature (80°C) with the aid of an acid catalyst. The cure proceeds through polycondensation reaction of the different substituted Phenols, giving place to the formation of a cured phenolic resin 5–8. The chemical structure of the reactive components (Phenol, Cardanol, and Formaldehyde) and of the cured cardanol phenol formaldehyde (CPF) resin, are presented in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A proposed chemical mechanism of synthesis and structure of the crosslinked CPF resin are also presented in Figure 1. There are two possible modes for the condensation reactions in Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) resins,5 they are the methylene bridges (CH 2 ) form at a low pH and high temperature (150°C) when two hydroxymethyl‐phenol molecules react with each other and the formation of the ether bridges (CH 2 OCH 2 ) results from the interaction of two hydroxymethyl‐phenol molecules at low temperatures and near neutral pH. Both these types of chemical linkage are included in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Novel phenolic resins with improved mechanical and toughness properties

Cardona

Kin-Tak

Fedrigo

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Novel phenolic type of thermoset resins were synthesized, and their mechanical and toughness properties were evaluated. Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) phenolic resins were modified to broaden their applications for modern composite structures. A first modification consisted of copolymerization of Phenol with Cardanol during the synthesis of resole phenolic (CPF) resins. The modified phenolic resins (CPF) were prepared at various molar ratios of total Phenol to Formaldehyde (F : P ratio) and with different weight ratios of Phenol to Cardanol. CPF resins with a maximum content of 40 wt % of Cardanol were synthesized and used. The CPF resins were applied as a plasticizer and toughening agent to the base PF resins. Both resins (CPF/PF) were mixed in different proportions, and their thermal and mechanical properties were then established. A full miscibility of the two resins was observed with the formation of a single-phase system. An increase in the content of Cardanol resulted in a proportional increase of the flexural strength and fracture toughness together with a decrease of the flexural modulus of the cured CPF/PF resins. Further increased plasticizing and toughening effect was also observed by the blending of the CPF resins with propylene glycol. The higher toughness and flexibility effect of the CPF resins was obtained with a F : P molar ratio equal to 1.25 and with a Cardanol content of 40% (w/w).

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel phenolic resins with improved mechanical and toughness properties

Cardona

Kin-Tak

Fedrigo

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They used as matrices in these applications to protect and support reinforced fibers contained within composite structure. They have low fire, smoke and toxicity properties [8]. Production of resole has achieved by the alkaline reaction of formaldehyde with phenol or phenol derivative under basic catalyst like NaOH, Calisuin oxide, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Metal Laminate Composite Used in Aircraft Wing

Kadum¹,

Al-katawy²,

Faris³

et al. 2019

NJES

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study is to reduce weight and improve the mechanical properties of aircraft wing using Hybrid materials known as fiber metal laminates (FMLs). In this study, seven layers were used to produce the FMLs that consist of aluminum alloy2024-T3 reinforced by carbon and glass fibers bonded with blend of epoxy-resole. The Carbon Glass Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (CAGRALLs) was used as FMLs. The results showed that The CAGRALLs gave good mechanical properties because of increasing in tensile strength, elongation at fracture and impact toughness except flexural strength by comparing with other FMLs using commercial epoxy. The increasing in layers led to weaken adhesion force between layers of FMLs caused decreasing almost mechanical properties. The FMLs has good mechanical properties by using carbon and glass fibers by comparing with carbon and jute fibers. The CAGRALLs have higher numbers of cycles at failure under cyclic loadings than Aramid Reinforced Aluminum Laminates (ARALLs). The CAGRALLs have lower density by comparing with aluminum alloy 2024-T3 that used in manufacturing of aircraft wing.

show abstract

“…Phenolic resins are widely used thermosetting polymers because of their excellent flame retardance, temperature resistance, mechanical strength, electrical insulation, dimensional stability, and relatively low manufacturing cost 1–6. Their primary applications are in construction materials, electronics, aerospace, molded parts, insulating varnishes, laminated sheets, industrial coatings, fiber bonding, wood products, and automotive industries 7–9. Phenolic resins generally fall into two main classes, resole and novolac, in terms of their molecular structures and synthesis conditions 1, 10, 11.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonisothermal curing of a solid resole phenolic resin

Zhou

Liu³

2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A commercial solid resole phenolic resin was thoroughly characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, and gel permeation chromatography, and its nonisothermal curing reaction was studied systematically with differential scanning calorimetry at a series of heating rates (bs) of 3, 4.5, 5.7, and 10 C/min. The results show that the solid resole had a higher molecular weight than conventional liquid resoles, and its reactive hydroxymethyl (CH 2 AOH) and dibenzyl ether (CH 2 AOACH 2 ) functionalities participated in the crosslinking reaction upon heating. The nonisothermal curing reaction of the solid resole exhibited a relatively constant reaction heat, whereas the onset, peak, and end curing temperatures increased gradually with increasing bs. In addition, the reaction kinetics of the solid resole was analyzed with an nth-order reaction model, the global activation energy was determined with the Kissinger method, and the reaction order was derived from the Crane equation. The obtained rate equation was applied to simulate the reaction time, conversion, and reaction rate, with a good fit achieved between the experimental data and the model predications. In conclusion, this study provided us with new knowledge on solid resoles at a molecular level and was also a great help for the curing procedure design, property optimization, and practical application of this commercial solid resole.

show abstract

Synthesis and characterization of phenolic resole resins for composite applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 18 publications

Novel phenolic resins with improved mechanical and toughness properties

Novel phenolic resins with improved mechanical and toughness properties

Improving the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Metal Laminate Composite Used in Aircraft Wing

Nonisothermal curing of a solid resole phenolic resin

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About