Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are oligomers
or polymers composed of
units of flavanols. A-type PACs are a subclass of PACs characterized
by the presence of at least a double linkage between two consecutive
monomers of flavanol. These A-type PACs are found in some fruits and
spices and possess potential health benefits as a result of their
interesting biological activities, and consequently, their isolation
and synthesis have given rise to great interest in the past. This
review summarizes the synthetic efforts made to obtain both naturally
occurring A-type PACs and their structurally simplified analogues.
Most of the synthetic protocols reported involve the addition of a
π-nucleophilic molecule over a molecule with two electrophilic
carbons, such as a chalcone, a flavylium salt, or a flavanol derivative,
among others. Synthesis of A-type PACs remains an issue at a very
early stage of development compared to that of PACs with single linkages
between monomers (B-type PACs), but the advances that are taking place
in the last few years point to a significant development of the subject
in the near future.