Synthesis and characterization of microencapsulated phase change material with phenol-formaldehyde resin shell for thermal energy storage

Improvement of the rupture strength of MF shell microcapsule by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with an optimal content

“…The bimodal crystallization behavior of n‐octadecane during solidification process can be attributed to the α‐ and β‐crystal generated by the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation, respectively. The crystallinity in β‐form is suppressed due to the confinement of n‐octadecane in the small microcapsules, while the crystallinity in α‐form is improved by the core–shell interface with heterogeneous nucleation effect 43 . As a result, the microencapsulated n‐octadecane exhibits two crystallizing peaks which are obviously separated from each other.…”

“…The crystallinity in β-form is suppressed due to the confinement of n-octadecane in the small microcapsules, while the crystallinity in α-form is improved by the core-shell interface with heterogeneous nucleation effect. 43 As a result, the microencapsulated n-octadecane exhibits two crystallizing peaks which are obviously separated from each other. Compared with the MF shell microcapsules, the MF-TiO 2 hybrid shell microcapsules present a smaller supercooling degree as summarized in Table 3.…”

Improving the steric hindrance effect of linear sulfonated acetone–formaldehyde dispersant and its performance in coal–water slurry

“…Two reactions occur in the rst stage: the addition of formaldehyde to sodium bisulte derived from sodium sulte to generate HOCH 2 SO 3 Na (i) and the addition reaction of formaldehyde with phenol (ii). 42 In the second stage, formaldehyde and acetone begin to polymerize based on aldol condensation and a Michael addition reaction mechanism (iii). 43,44 In the nal stage, the addition product of phenol and sodium bisulte reacts with the a-C in a prepolymer of formaldehyde and acetone 42 to generate a new C-C bond.…”

“…42 In the second stage, formaldehyde and acetone begin to polymerize based on aldol condensation and a Michael addition reaction mechanism (iii). 43,44 In the nal stage, the addition product of phenol and sodium bisulte reacts with the a-C in a prepolymer of formaldehyde and acetone 42 to generate a new C-C bond. At the same time, this prepolymer will further polymerize with formaldehyde and acetone to form the nal dispersant.…”

Cadmium Sulfide—Reinforced Double-Shell Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Advanced Thermal Energy Storage

“…Therefore, various shell materials for microencapsulated PCMs have been widely studied, such as polymers, inorganic materials, and their hybrids. Liu et al [ 14 ] studied a novel type of microcapsule based on an n-eicosane core and a phenol–formaldehyde resin shell, which exhibited excellent thermal reliability even after 500 thermal cycles. Hu et al [ 15 ] prepared microencapsulated PCMs derived from an n -octadecane core and CaF 2 shell, which showed an encapsulation ratio of 54.02% and a latent heat of 131 J/g with negligible leakage.…”