Synthesis and Characterization of Lignin-Based Polyurethane as a Potential Compatibilizer

Ilmiati, Salma; Hafiza, Jana; Fatriansyah, Jaka Fajar; Kustiyah, Elvi; Chalid, Mochamad

doi:10.22146/ijc.27176

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…10,12 The functional groups offer possibilities to use lignin for various purposes or to modify them by chemical reactions. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Many attempts were made to use lignin as stabilizer in polymers utilizing the hydrogen scavenging ability of its phenolic hydroxyl groups. Lignin stabilized the polymers in smaller and larger extent indeed, but its industrial utilization is difficult because of its limited efficiency compared to commercial phenolic antioxidants, strong smell and intensive color.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical structure of lignin is complicated, and it is assumed to be a highly branched or cross-linked substance partly grafted to hemicellulose chains. It contains numerous functional groups including aliphatic and phenolic hydroxyls, carbonyl and carboxyl groups, and depending on the extraction technology functional groups with strong polarity like sulfonates in lignosulfonates. , The functional groups offer possibilities to use lignin for various purposes or to modify them by chemical reactions. − Many attempts were made to use lignin as a stabilizer in polymers utilizing the hydrogen scavenging ability of its phenolic hydroxyl groups. Lignin stabilized the polymers to smaller and larger extents indeed, but its industrial utilization is difficult because of its limited efficiency compared to commercial phenolic antioxidants, strong smell, and intensive color. , The functional groups of lignin can develop interactions with all kinds of polymers but also very strong self-interactions making blending difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlations among Miscibility, Structure, and Properties in Thermoplastic Polymer/Lignin Blends

Romhányi

Kun

Pukánszky

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Blends were prepared from an industrial lignosufonate and seven matrix polymers with different chemical structures. The components were homogenized in an internal mixer and plates were compression molded for further testing. The blends were characterized by a number of methods: structure by scanning electron microscopy, interactions by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, while mechanical properties by tensile testing. Only weak dispersion forces develop in polyolefins, the properties of the blends are poor. Aromatic,  electron interactions are stronger and H-bonds result in reasonable compatibility and mechanical properties. The best properties were achieved with the ionomer as matrix in which the combination of hydrogen bridges and ionic bonds result in good compatibility and properties. The strength of interactions was estimated with the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter and good quantitative correlations were found among miscibility, structure and properties, which could be predicted with simple theories. Although blends with acceptable properties could be prepared from the ionomer and lignin, the deformability of most blends were very small limiting practical application. The plasticization or chemical modification of lignin may lead to materials which can be used in industrial practice.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations among Miscibility, Structure, and Properties in Thermoplastic Polymer/Lignin Blends

Romhányi

Kun

Pukánszky

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The curve area shows the amount of energy involved or heats absorbed in an endothermic reaction, and this factor indicates the development of bonds in the molecular structure system. Tp1 of LPU is around 43–80 °C, indicating the beginning of water evaporation in LPU, and Tp2 is about 104–113 °C, indicating the evaporation during the polymerization process [ 61 ]. Meanwhile, the Tg was found to be around 137–141 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin

et al. 2022

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The purpose of this study was to prepare low-viscosity lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) resins for the modification of ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) fiber via impregnation to improve the fiber’s thermal and mechanical properties. Low-viscosity LPU resins were prepared by dissolving lignin in 20% NaOH and then adding polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI, 31% NCO) with a mole ratio of 0.3 NCO/OH. Ramie fiber was impregnated with LPU in a vacuum chamber equipped with a two-stage vacuum pump. Several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a universal testing machine were used to characterize lignin, LPU, and ramie fiber. The LPU resins had low viscosity ranging from 77 to 317 mPa·s−1. According to FTIR and EDX analysis, urethane bonds were formed during the synthesis of LPU resins and after impregnation into ramie fibers. After impregnation, the reaction between the LPU’s urethane group and the hydroxy group of ramie fiber increased thermal stability by an average of 6% and mechanical properties by an average of 100% compared to the untreated ramie fiber. The highest thermal stability and tensile strength were obtained at ramie impregnated with LPU-ethyl acetate for 30 min, with a residual weight of 22% and tensile strength of 648.7 MPa. This study showed that impregnation with LPU resins can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of fibers and increase their wider industrial utilization in value-added applications.

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“…It comprises three main phenylpropanoid monomers or precursors: coniferyl, sinapyl, and p-coumaryl alcohol [9]. Lignin has been studied for its various applications, such as in the production of biomass from crude bio-oil as energy generation [10], composite carbon nanofibers [11], compatibilizer [12], and carbon fibers [13]. The carbon content and chemical structures of lignin showed potential for carbonized material production, especially carbonized lignin fibers [14].…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Biodegradable and Low-Cost Lignin-Based PVOH Carbon Fibers Prepared by Electrospinning

et al. 2021

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A polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)/lignin nanofiber was prepared by the electrospinning method as a precursor for biodegradable and low-cost carbon fibers. PVOH 15% was dissolved in water, and various concentration of lignin (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%) was added. The presence of lignin in PVOH solution increased the viscosity and conductivity. From SEM analysis, PVOH solution produced smooth fiber, whereas the addition of lignin produced fibers in bead forms. The presence of lignin above 20% in PVOH did not produce spun-fiber. FTIR analysis confirmed that lignin was able to form hydrogen bonds with PVOH. TGA analysis showed that PVOH/lignin nanofibers had the highest residual mass, i.e., 40% at 600 °C. The morphology of the carbon fibers showed flake forms with many pores and had 58.07% carbon content.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Lignin-Based Polyurethane as a Potential Compatibilizer

Abstract: Lignin is one of the most abundant biopolymers on earth. It has polar and non-polar sides due to its

Cited by 12 publications

References 20 publications

Correlations among Miscibility, Structure, and Properties in Thermoplastic Polymer/Lignin Blends

Correlations among Miscibility, Structure, and Properties in Thermoplastic Polymer/Lignin Blends

Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin

Preparation of Biodegradable and Low-Cost Lignin-Based PVOH Carbon Fibers Prepared by Electrospinning

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