Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite of Cockle Shells (Anadara granosa) Originated from Indonesia Through Precipitation Method

Abstract

The precipitation method successfully synthesized cockle shells into a highly valuable biomaterial in the present investigation. The present work aimed to determine the effect of the technical approach; (1) calcination temperatures of calcium oxide preparation and (2) sintering time of HA synthesis. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis revealed that the cockle shells were calcined at 600 – 1000 °C for 3 hours and had a fine CaO powder. Thus, those sintering temperature is used as the starting point for the calcination of cockle shells. The calcinated CaO powder was then analyzed. The analysis conducted includes yield, functional group analysis using FT-IR, morphological analysis using SEM, and analysis of the composition of Carbon (C), Calcium (Ca), Oxygen (O), and Phosphor (P). Furthermore, hydroxyapatite synthesis (HA) was done with three different sintering times (2, 4, and 6 hours) at 800 °C. The characterized HA was functional group morphology, major elemental in the apatite constituents, and the crystallinity degree. Obtained the optimum temperature result for calcinated at a temperature of 800 °C. The results of HA synthesis obtained by HA quality have approached commercial HA products judging from the composition of Ca, O, and P, but the quality still includes type B of commercial HA. The HA particles obtained are micro-sized, which is 304 nm at a temperature sintering of 800 °C for 4 hours. The micro-sized allows a by-product of cockle shells as raw material HA to be applied as a futuristic biomaterial in bone/teeth implants.

Potential use of a bone tissue engineering scaffold based on electrospun poly (ɛ-caprolactone) - Poly (vinyl alcohol) hybrid nanofibers containing modified cockle shell nanopowder

“…X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shown in Fig. 2 confirms that the CSs are mainly composed of aragonite, a specific polymorph of calcium carbonate [ 38 ]. The indicative peaks in the XRD analysis of the cockle shell include peaks at approximately 2θ = 29.4°, 32°, 38°, 54°, 64°, and 68°.…”