Synthesis and Characterization of Gefitinib and Paclitaxel Mono and Dual Drug-Loaded Blood Cockle Shells (Anadara granosa)-Derived Aragonite CaCO3 Nanoparticles

Abstract

Calcium carbonate has slowly paved its way into the field of nanomaterial research due to its inherent properties: biocompatibility, pH-sensitivity, and slow biodegradability. In our efforts to synthesize calcium carbonate nanoparticles (CSCaCO3NP) from blood cockle shells (Anadara granosa), we developed a simple method to synthesize CSCaCO3NP, and loaded them with gefitinib (GEF) and paclitaxel (PTXL) to produce mono drug-loaded GEF-CSCaCO3NP, PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and dual drug-loaded GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP without usage of toxic chemicals. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results reveal that the drugs are bound to CSCaCO3NP. Scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that the CSCaCO3NP, GEF-CSCaCO3NP, PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP are almost spherical nanoparticles, with a diameter of 63.9 ± 22.3, 83.9 ± 28.2, 78.2 ± 26.4, and 87.2 ± 26.7 (nm), respectively. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and N2 adsorption-desorption experiments revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles are negatively charged and mesoporous, with surface areas ranging from ⁓8 to 10 (m2/g). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirms that the synthesized nanoparticles are aragonite. The CSCaCO3NP show excellent alkalinization property in plasma simulating conditions and greater solubility in a moderately acidic pH medium. The release of drugs from the nanoparticles showed zero order kinetics with a slow and sustained release. Therefore, the physico-chemical characteristics and in vitro findings suggest that the drug loaded CSCaCO3NP represent a promising drug delivery system to deliver GEF and PTXL against breast cancer.

Biodegradable Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticle as a Delivery System to Promote Afatinib Delivery for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment

“…The bending mode of the PO4 3− group can be noticed at ~565 and 808 cm −1 . The υ1 symmetric stretching of the PO4 3− group can be observed at the shoulder at ~965 cm − [27,28]. The main band of the υ3 asymmetric stretching mode of the PO4 3-group can be characterised between 1000 and 1100 cm −1 .…”

“…The XRD technique helps to identify the nanoparticles' crystallinity, texture, and phase analysis [28]. The XRD patterns of nCA and nCA/AFA are presented in Figure 2, and the theoretical diffraction pattern is simulated from a single crystal of hydroxyapatite (HA).…”

Busting the Breast Cancer with AstraZeneca’s Gefitinib

“…Iressa® has a structure similar to that of ATP, so it has more affinity for the ATP site as compared to ATP [ 127 ]; it demonstrates a triclinic crystalline structure [ 129 ]. The X-ray diffractogram and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy patterns of GEF have been studied sufficiently [ 130 ]. At pH 1, it is sparingly soluble, and with an increase in pH, its solubility decreases.…”

Selected Papers from the Second International Online Conference on Nanomaterials

“…The articles present very different types of nanomaterials, such as gold nanorods [ 4 ], WTe 2 nanocrystals [ 11 ], CaCO 3 nanoparticles [ 12 ], ferromagnetic nanoparticles [ 13 ], CuO nanocrystals and single-walled carbon nanotubes [ 14 ], graphene [ 3 ], and GO derivatives [ 15 ].…”

“…Moreover, the developed materials can be used for a wide range of applications: (1) drug delivery systems to deliver gefitinib (GEF) and paclitaxel (PTXL) to treat breast cancer [ 12 ] or to release antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, as well as some other small model drug compounds [ 16 ]; (2) materials for the removal of toxic contaminants in water, such as As, Mn, Cr, and Cd from ground water and natural water conditions [ 17 ]; (3) membrane catalysis with specific parameters [ 18 ]; (4) quaternary memory systems for applications in data storage and processing [ 19 ]; (5) electrochromic devices, which control optical properties such as optical transmission, absorption, reflectance, and/or emittance in a continual but reversible manner on the application of voltage [ 20 ]; (6) flexible electrodes with high optical transparency, low electrical resistance, and mechanical bending stability for use in flexible polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) structures (7) in optoelectronic devices as well as outdoor displays, projection displays, switchable privacy glasses, energy-saving windows, light shutters and so forth; and (8) hole transport layers in inverted perovskite solar cells.…”