Synthesis and characterization of Ethiopian kaolin for the removal of basic yellow (BY 28) dye from aqueous solution as a potential adsorbent

Abstract

In the present research, the kaolin adsorbents (beneficiated, raw powder, and calcined) were prepared from Ethiopian natural kaolin through mechanical, wet, and thermal processes. The geochemical and surface properties of kaolin adsorbent were characterized using FTIR, SEM/EDS, XRD, and XRF. In the batch experiment, basic operation parameters (initial dye concentrations, pH, temperature, contact time, and adsorbent dosage) were examined. Percentage removal efficiency basic yellow 28 (BY28) dye were recorded as 94.79%, 92.08%, and 87.08% onto beneficiated, raw, and calcined kaolin absorbents, respectively at an initial dye concentration of 20 mg/L, solution pH of 9, the temperature of 30 C C, and contact time of 60 min and adsorbent dosage of 1g/ 100L. The molar ratio of SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 was recorded as 2.911 Percent mass composition of Ethiopian kaolin which is higher than the expected pure kaolinite standard which allows us to classify the kaolin clay as a siliceous one. The calculated values of ΔG 0 for beneficiated adsorbent are-1.243, 1.576, and 4.396 kJ/mol at 303.15, 323.15, and 343.15 K, respectively for 20 mg/L of dye concentration and solution pH of 9, suggests that the thermodynamic behavior at lowest temperature is more feasible and spontaneous as compared with the higher temperature one. A similar fashion was calculated for raw and calcined adsorbents. The negative values of ΔH o and ΔS suggest that the adsorption phenomenon is exothermic and the adsorbate molecules are organized on the solid phase in a more disordered fashion than the liquid phase. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models have been used to describe the kinetics in the adsorption processes. The Pseudo-second-order model has been fitted for the BY 28 dye adsorption in the studied concentration range. The adsorption of BY 28 dye for raw and calcined adsorbents follows the Langmuir isotherm and the Freundlich isotherm fitted for the beneficiated adsorbent. The amount of BY28 dye taken up by beneficiated, raw, and calcined kaolin adsorbents was found as 1.896, 1.842, and 1.742 mg/g, respectively at a contact time of 1.0 h, the adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g, initial dye concentration ¼ 20 mg/L and solution pH ¼ 9 at 30 C. The results found that these raw and prepared local kaolin adsorbents have a capacity as low-cost alternatives for the removal of dyes in industrial wastewater.

Characterization and Beneficiation of Ethiopian Kaolin for use in Fabrication of Ceramic Membrane

“…it is also evident that the surface of beneficiated, acid-leached, and calcinated kaolin has homogenous and clear particles with a small flake shape. A similar observation was reported in the literature [18], [51], [56], [68]- [70] for kaolinite minerals.…”

“…S4 (c), which is typically characteristic of titanium oxide (TiO2). This is a confirmation that the titanium oxide is released after calcination [56]. This result supports the optical microscope image of beneficiated, acid-leached, and calcined kaolin presented in Supplementary Figure . S3.…”

“…The SEM image (Fig. 1(a)) reveals the presence of large particles that appeared to have been formed by several flaky particles stacked together to form a compact arrangement in hexagonal shapes, irregular bulk edges, and surfaces, and flattened platelets structure of kaolinite [3], [18], [21], [56], [68], [69]. In comparison to the commercial kaolin clay (Fig.…”

“…The structural changes that appeared on the raw kaolin and beneficiated clay material were studied using the X-ray diffraction technique. The raw, beneficiated, and acid leached, beneficiated, acid leached and calcinated and commercial kaolin clay shows well-defined diffractions at 2 theta value of 12.18-13.8 o , 23.55-24.9 o , and 62.5 o , these peaks are typically corresponding to kaolinite [55], [56]. On the other hand, the peaks corresponding to the 2 Theta values 27.5 o and 41.6 o , which are typical characteristics of quartz [57]- [59].…”

Recycling electro-coagulated sludge from textile wastewater treatment plants as an adsorbent for the adsorptions of fluoride in an aqueous solution

“…The absorption model shape is expressed with the dimensionless equilibrium factor, called a separation factor (R L ) as shown Eq. ( 9) [38].…”