“…The basic building block of PU is the carbamate group, which is formed through the additional polymerization of isocyanates with diols or polyols . Owing to their excellent wear resistance, toughness, mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and processability, − they are widely employed in various fields, including coatings, , adhesives, , fibers, , thermoplastics, , thermosetting materials, , biomimetic materials, , and nanocomposites. , Commonly used polyisocyanates include aromatic and aliphatic isocyanates, such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), which are derived from fossil feedstocks. − However, with the increasing global demand for PU, traditional polyisocyanates are facing challenges caused by decreasing fossil resources and increasing environmental pollution. New biobased isocyanates have attracted widespread attention from researchers and industries because of their high biochar content.…”