Synthesis and characterization of cationic colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles

Abstract

Cationic colloidal unimolecular polymer (CUP) particles were prepared by using a lower concentration of the quaternary ammonium functional copolymers during the process of water reduction. True nanoscale (diameter 3-9 nm), zero-volatile organic content (VOC), spheroidal CUP particles, and self-stabilized via electro-repulsion of surface cationic groups were obtained. The viscosity of the cationic CUP systems w as influenced by the electroviscous effects arising from the surface charge and the associated surface water layer. The density of surface water was 1.6 % greater than the bulk water density which was attributed to the structuring of water around charged quaternary ammonium groups. The equilibrium surface tension values decreased linearly with increasing concentration and surface charge density of CUP particles due to a greater reduction in surface energy. The rate of surface tension reduction determined by maximum bubble pressure method decreased with increasing concentration and the molecular weight of the CUP due to diffusion effects.

Equilibrium and Dynamic Surface Tension Behavior in Colloidal Unimolecular Polymers (CUP)

“…The slope of Δγ/Δc better illustrates the effectiveness of the surface-active agent in reducing the surface tension. The surface tension value of QUAT [ 21 ] and sulfonate [ 19 ] CUPs of molecular weight 55K and 56K and charge density 0.52 and 0.58 ions/nm 2 , respectively, are shown in Table 4 . The Δγ/Δc values of carboxylate CUPs (polymer 3) were closer to those of QUAT CUPs.…”

“…In the field of coatings, CUPs can be used both as a coating resin and in conjunction with latex and polyurethane dispersions (PUDs), wherein they can also be cured with an aziridine [ 17 ] or a melamine [ 18 ] crosslinker. CUP particles can be made using sulfonic acids as the charge-stabilizing group [ 19 ], which can be used as a catalyst for waterborne acrylic-melamine systems [ 20 ]. CUP particles with cationic charged groups have been made using QUAT monomer ((2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) [ 21 ] or amines with acetic acid to generate the cationic salt [ 22 ].…”

“…CUP particles can be made using sulfonic acids as the charge-stabilizing group [ 19 ], which can be used as a catalyst for waterborne acrylic-melamine systems [ 20 ]. CUP particles with cationic charged groups have been made using QUAT monomer ((2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) [ 21 ] or amines with acetic acid to generate the cationic salt [ 22 ]. CUPs with amine functionally charged groups have also been used as a crosslinker for waterborne epoxy coatings.…”

Poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate]nanogel by dispersion polymerization for inhibition of pathogenic bacteria

“…1 Among them, the cationic colloids are the group of positively charged polymers that nd application, for example, in water and waste treatment, chromatography, drug and gene delivery, and as antimicrobial agents. 2 Common methods for preparing positively charged colloids cover dispersion, precipitation, emulsion, multiple swelling and seeded polymerizations from various cationic monomers, such as 2vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). 3,4 Protonated polymer particles based on DMAEMA possess interesting properties, which endow them with a potential for various applications.…”