Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials functionalized by direct treatment with sulfonating agents

Koskin, Anton P.; Larichev, Yury V.; Mishakov, Ilya V.; Mel'gunov, Maxim S.; Vedyagin, Aleksey A.

doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110130

Cited by 31 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…There are two general methods for preparing carbon-based solid acid. According to the first method, 24 a black viscous tar-like liquid was obtained, which apparently cannot be used as a solid acid. According to the second method, 25 unfortunately, only 10.12% solid residue was obtained after carbonization at 400 °C, which is so small that it is not worth being used to produce carbon-based solid acid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The triple action of sulfuric acid on the preparation of carbon-based solid acid from waste toner and its application

et al. 2023

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The triple action of sulfuric acid on the preparation of carbon-based solid acid from waste toner and its application

et al. 2023

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“…Sulfated Sibunit ® was obtained by the treatment of the graphite-like Sibunit ® material with sulfuric acid in the presence of nitric acid as described in [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfation of Wheat Straw Soda Lignin with Sulfamic Acid over Solid Catalysts

et al. 2022

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Soda lignin is a by-product of the soda process for producing cellulose from grassy raw materials. Since a method for the industrial processing of lignin of this type is still lacking, several research teams have been working on solving this problem. We first propose a modification of soda lignin with sulfamic acid over solid catalysts. As solid catalysts for lignin sulfation, modified carbon catalysts (with acid sites) and titanium and aluminum oxides have been used. In the elemental analysis, it is shown that the maximum sulfur content (16.5 wt%) was obtained with the Sibunit-4® catalyst oxidized at 400 °C. The incorporation of a sulfate group has been proven by the elemental analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution has been examined by gel permeation chromatography. It has been demonstrated that the solid catalysts used in the sulfation process causes hydrolysis reactions and reduces the molecular weight and polydispersity index. It has been established by the thermal analysis that sulfated lignin is thermally stabile at temperatures of up to 200 °C. According to the atomic force microscopy data, the surface of the investigated film consists of particles with an average size of 50 nm. The characteristics of the initial and sulfated β-O-4 lignin model compounds have been calculated and recorded using the density functional theory.

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“…However, most reports reach the conclusion that the thermal stability of sulfur species on carbon more or less follows the sequence aromatic sulfides > aliphatic sulfides > thioesters > sulfoxides and sulfones > thiols and sulfonic acids (Table ). ,, Analogous to the investigation of O and N species on carbon, several studies carried out a deconvolution of the TPD emission profiles of typical decomposition products of sulfur species such as SO 2 . ,, Some sulfur functional groups appear to exhibit a very high thermal stability, as proven by the observation of considerable sulfur residues in samples of S-doped carbon after TPD experiments that reached peak temperatures of 1200 °C . These high-temperature stable sulfur species are commonly assigned to be thiophenic sulfides .…”

Section: Temperature-programmed Desorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Temperature-Programmed Techniques Provide the Gold Standard for Carbon Surface Characterization?

et al. 2022

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Due to their chemical and thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and high specific surface areas, nanocarbons and porous carbon materials have found use in numerous key applications within the current transition of energy and raw-material sources. Since all these applications rely on multiphase interactions between the carbon surface and surrounding solid, liquid, or gaseous phases, carbon surface chemistry is elevated to a critical factor of influence. However, the characterization of carbon surface chemistry is notoriously complex, involving carbon defect sites and chemically similar heteroatom species in a wide range of different binding states and chemical environments. Due to this high degree of complexity, a comprehensive characterization of carbon surface species and reactivity is a major challenge for which there is no analytical “silver bullet” but is fundamental to the rational development of advanced functional carbon materials. In this context we would like to highlight the potential of temperature-programmed techniques (TPX) for carbon surface analytics, which benefit from widely available, easy-to-handle equipment and offer information on the identity, quantity, and reactivity of surface species. Hence, this article reviews the state of the art concerning temperature-programmed techniques for carbon surface characterization, focusing not only on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbon surface species but also on the unique ability of temperature-programmed methods to assess carbon surface reactivity. In this context, progress made so far in temperature-programmed desorption, temperature-programmed reduction, and temperature-programmed surface reactions is discussed, highlighting pitfalls and gaps in knowledge. Based on this foundation, strategies for the further development of temperature-programmed methods for carbon surface analysis are proposed, aiming to establish TPX as the future gold-standard in carbon surface characterization.

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Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanomaterials functionalized by direct treatment with sulfonating agents

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

The triple action of sulfuric acid on the preparation of carbon-based solid acid from waste toner and its application

The triple action of sulfuric acid on the preparation of carbon-based solid acid from waste toner and its application

Sulfation of Wheat Straw Soda Lignin with Sulfamic Acid over Solid Catalysts

Can Temperature-Programmed Techniques Provide the Gold Standard for Carbon Surface Characterization?

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