Synthesis and characterization of a novel multi-site phase transfer catalyst and a kinetic study of the intramolecular cyclopentanation of indene

The novel synthetic route of 3,5-dimethyl-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1H-pyrazole under solid–liquid phase transfer catalysis conditions assisted by an ultrasound application—A study of some kinetic parameters

“…1.When the surface of water level is lower than the outlet, i.e., 3 cm below from the top of the sonicator, the welldesigned frequency automatically cut off so that filling of water level is always important. Thus, ultrasonic-assisted phase-transfer catalysis significantly increased the yields in organic synthesis [44,45].…”

“…The effect of ultrasound was found to increase this reaction of solid-liquid phase-transfer catalysts (SL-PTC) system. Throughout experimental parameters had done at 50 kHz with output power of 300 W. Generally they create cavitations of bubble dynamics i.e., the nucleation, formation, evaporation, and coalescence of vapor or gas bubbles, and generating locally high temperature and pressures or strong electric fields [38][39][40] in the ultrasonic field. However, conventional PTC reaction rate enhancements are characteristically due to mechanical special effects, predominantly through an enhancement in mass transfer.…”

Role of Mass Transfer in Phase Transfer Catalytic Heterogeneous Reaction Systems

“…As shown in (28) and (29), the Damkohler number indicates the ratio of the chemical reaction rate to the mass-transfer rate of the catalyst. An effective fraction of catalyst, η, which is defined as the ratio of the observed two-phase reaction rate to the organic-phase reaction rate with catalyst completely used, is given as …”

“…As given in (28) and (29), the Damkohler number (D a ) is defined as the ratio of the reaction rate to the mass transfer rate. From the plot of D a vs. the conversion of allyl bromide, it is obvious that the Damkohler number of ArOQ, which also depends on the initial concentration of allyl bromide, is much less than unity for the whole range of conversion ( Figure 1).…”

Recent Strategies in Organic Reactions Catalyzed by Phase Transfer Catalysts and Analyzed by Gas Chromatography

“…This technique aids in the transfer of an ionic species from either an aqueous or a solid phase into the organic phase where the chemical reaction takes place. Undoubtedly, PTC offers many substantial advantages for the practical execution of numerous reactions (Wang & Tseng, 2002;Yadav, 2004;Wang & Lee, 2007;Wang & Lee, 2006;Vivekanand & Balakrishnan, 2009a, 2009b, 2009c, 2009d.…”