“…Ring-opening cationic polymerization (ROCP) of ε-caprolactone (εCL), , L-lactide (LLA), , and THF is often combined with metal-catalyzed system for star block copolymers. Star polymers with poly(εCL) or poly(LLA)-based block arms are synthesized by the following three steps: (1) ROCP with a multi-hydroxyl-functional initiator to give hydroxyl-terminal (surface) star polymers, (2) synthesis of multi-haloester-bearing star polymer initiators via the esterification of the terminal hydroxyl groups with acyl halides, and (3) metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization with the initiator. − This pathway efficiently provides star polymers with 3-poly(εCL)- b -poly(FM- 96 ) arms, those with 6-poly(εCL or LLA)- b -poly(MMA or t BA) arms and an iron tris(bipyridine) core, those with 6-poly(LLA)- b -poly(St-ran-FM- 36 ) arms and a triphenylene core, and dendrimer-like triblock (St- b -LLA- b -St) star copolymers …”
Introduction 4964 2. Design of the Initiating Systems 4965 2.1. Required Initiating Systems 4965 2.1.1. Synthesis of Controlled Polymers Free from Catalyst Residues 4966 2.1.2. Environmentally Friendly and Inexpensive Catalysts 4966 2.1.3. Suppression of Side Reactions for High Molecular Weight Polymers and Perfect Block Copolymerization 4966
“…Ring-opening cationic polymerization (ROCP) of ε-caprolactone (εCL), , L-lactide (LLA), , and THF is often combined with metal-catalyzed system for star block copolymers. Star polymers with poly(εCL) or poly(LLA)-based block arms are synthesized by the following three steps: (1) ROCP with a multi-hydroxyl-functional initiator to give hydroxyl-terminal (surface) star polymers, (2) synthesis of multi-haloester-bearing star polymer initiators via the esterification of the terminal hydroxyl groups with acyl halides, and (3) metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization with the initiator. − This pathway efficiently provides star polymers with 3-poly(εCL)- b -poly(FM- 96 ) arms, those with 6-poly(εCL or LLA)- b -poly(MMA or t BA) arms and an iron tris(bipyridine) core, those with 6-poly(LLA)- b -poly(St-ran-FM- 36 ) arms and a triphenylene core, and dendrimer-like triblock (St- b -LLA- b -St) star copolymers …”
Introduction 4964 2. Design of the Initiating Systems 4965 2.1. Required Initiating Systems 4965 2.1.1. Synthesis of Controlled Polymers Free from Catalyst Residues 4966 2.1.2. Environmentally Friendly and Inexpensive Catalysts 4966 2.1.3. Suppression of Side Reactions for High Molecular Weight Polymers and Perfect Block Copolymerization 4966
“…These copolymers typically form core-shell arrangements and can provide improved hydrophilicity, crystallinity, drug loading and, in the case of amphiphilic polymers, form self-assembled micelles in solution or bulk. 142 TMP-initiated PCL stars were copolymerized with bis (4-methoxyphenyl)oxycarbonylstyrene, 97 while PCL stars with PE cores have been combined with N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide, 98 styrene, 101 ethylene glycol, 104 2-ethoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2dioxaphospholane, 105 2-lactobionamido-ethyl methacrylate, 106 gluconamidoethylmethacrylate, 108 and ethylene glycol methacrylate. 109 Control of the length of the blocks had a significant effect on the polymer properties including T m , 101 crystallinity, 108 degradation rate, 105 and micelle size and shape.…”
A critical review: the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters provides access to an array of biodegradable, bioassimilable and renewable polymeric materials. Building these aliphatic polyester polymers into larger macromolecular frameworks provides further control over polymer characteristics and opens up unique applications. Polymer stars, where multiple arms radiate from a single core molecule, have found particular utility in the areas of drug delivery and nanotechnology. A challenge in this field is in understanding the impact of altering synthetic variables on polymer properties. We review the synthesis and characterization of aliphatic polyester polymer stars, focusing on polymers originating from lactide, ε-caprolactone, glycolide, β-butyrolactone and trimethylene carbonate monomers and their copolymers including coverage of polyester miktoarm star copolymers. These macromolecular materials are further categorized by core molecules, catalysts employed, self-assembly and degradation properties and the resulting fields of application (262 references).
“…A number of miktoarm star copolymers, such as A 2 B 2 ,35 ABC36, 37 and A 2 B,38–40 have been synthesized and studied. However, articles published on miktoarm star rod‐coil copolymers are relatively few,41–43 especially, rod‐coil copolymers with π‐conjugated blocks as rod segments.…”
Synaptic function depends on interactions among sets of proteins that assemble into complex supramolecular machines. Molecular biology, electrophysiology, and live-cell imaging studies have provided tantalizing glimpses into the inner workings of the synapse, but fundamental questions remain regarding the functional organization of these “nano-machines.” Electron tomography reveals the internal structure of synapses in three dimensions with exceptional spatial resolution. Here we report results from an electron tomographic study of axospinous synapses in neocortex and hippocampus of the adult rat, based on aldehyde-fixed material stabilized with tannic acid in lieu of postfixation with osmium tetroxide. Our results provide a new window into the structural basis of excitatory synaptic processing in the mammalian brain.
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