Synthesis and Characterisation of Super-Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) for Minimising Aeromonas hydrophila Load from Freshwater

Abstract

Background: The current study was conducted to prepare an efficient super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPIONs) to remove Aeromonas hydrophila from water. Methods: The nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by DLS, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, XRD, FEG-TEM, and VSM analysis. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the synthesized SPIONs were having a size range of 8-12nm with magnetic property. Bacteria removal efficiency and antibacterial activity of SPIONs were assessed in sterile distilled water by adding different concentrations of SPIONs viz. 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000µM with different initial bacterial loads viz. 1×103, 1×104, 1×105, 1×106, and 1×107 CFU mL−1 at different time intervals 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. At low bacterial load (1×103 to 1×105 CFU mL−1), 95 to 99.99% of bacteria were removed by low SPIONs concentration (6.25-100µM) by 15min which was increased up to 100% by 30min. However, at high bacterial load (1×106 to 1×107 CFU mL−1), more than 87 to 95% of bacteria were removed by the highest SPIONs concentration (1000µM) by 15min, which was increased above 93 to 99.99% by increasing the exposure time to 60min. At low bacterial load (1×103 to1×105 CFU mL−1), the effective concentration was 3.21 to 6.42µM at 15-60 min intervals. Meanwhile, the effective concentration at high bacterial load was 267.81 µM at 15min, which was decreased to 104.09 µM with increasing exposure time to 60min. Conclusion: Based on the results, it is concluded that the antibacterial effect against A. hydrophila depends on the concentration as well as the exposure time of SPIONs. A low concentration of SPIONs is sufficient to remove 100% of bacterial load in lower exposure time and increasing concentration of SPIONs increases the antibacterial effect. However, further research requires to find the safe concentration of SPIONs for using it as a novel antibacterial agent for the treatment of aeromonads disease in aquaculture.

Preparation and characterization of glucose‐conjugated super‐paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (G‐SPIONs) for removal of Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila from water

“…The B-SPIONs showed the UV-Vis spectra between 225 and 250 nm agreed with the findings ofSamrot et al (2017) andSamrot et al (2018). Our previous study observed the B-SPIONs absorption peak at 229 nm(Kumar et al, 2021). In the present study, the absorption peak of G-SPIONs appears at 239 nm, which is typical for glucose-conjugated IONPs.…”

“…FT-IR was performed to confirm the functional groups on the surface of the synthesized materials (Shameer & Nishath, 2019). The FT-IR spectrum and absorption bands of synthesized G-SPIONs were observed in the 450-4,000 cm À1 wavenumber range, as shown in 2017), while another one peak was appeared at 815.84 cm À1 suggested that there must be strong vibrational interaction between SPIONs and glucose (Sivakumar et al, 2017). Altogether, results further confirm that the surface of bare SPIONs has been conjugated with glucose.…”

“…In the present study, the magnetization value of synthesized G-SPIONs was 58.31 emu/g. In our previous study, the observed magnetization value of B-SPIONs was 68.01 emu/g (Kumar et al, 2021). The reduction in magnetization In the present study, the magnetization value of G-SPIONs was 26.50% of the standard value of 220 emu/g for the pure iron phase.…”

“…metabolic activity (Chatzimitakos & Stalikas, 2016;Gudkov et al, 2021). The antibacterial activity of SPIONs was evaluated by several researchers (Arakha et al, 2015;Dinali et al, 2017;Gabrielyan et al, 2019;Kumar et al, 2021;Li et al, 2018;Saqib et al, 2019). The properties and can inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms (Huseen et al, 2021;Ramos et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2017).…”

“…The magnetic saturation (Ms)/magnetic remnant (Mr) value of G-SPIONs obtained from VSM was 0.59 Nonkumwong et al (2015). andKumar et al (2021) reported that if the ratio of Mr/Ms lies between 0 and 1 also confirms the super-paramagnetic behavior of the SPIONs.…”