“…Indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ), an important n-type semiconductor, has been extensively studied due to its advantageous features, such as significant large energy band gap (3.5-3.75 eV) [1], high electrical conductivity [2], excellent luminescence [3,4], and high optical transparency [5]. Accordingly, it has a wide range of practical applications, including optoelectronic devices [6], solar cells [7], field effect transistors [8], electric-double-layer transistors [9], Fabry-Perot resonators [10], thin-film transistors [11], bio sensors, and gas sensors.…”