“…Over the past decades, the research on the new operationally simple, efficient, recyclable, and environmentally benign catalysts for the Mannich reaction has gained popularity in synthetic chemistry. Nowadays, it has been noted that this reaction can also be promoted by a wide array of catalysts, such as rare earth perfluorooctanoate (RE(PFO) 3 ) [7], Brönsted acidic ionic liquid [8], HClO 4 -SiO 2 [9], SalenZn complex [10], cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) [11], Triton X10 (TX10) aqueous micelles [12], CeCl 3 ⋅7H 2 O [13], Tröger's base derivatives [14], Cbz protected [15], and PEG-OSO 3 H [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. However, they often suffer from the drawbacks of long reaction times, harsh reaction conditions, toxicity, and difficulty in product separation, which limit their use in the synthesis of complex molecules.…”