Synthesis and Applications of 2‐Substituted Imidazole and Its Derivatives: A Review

Abstract

Imidazole and its derivatives are assigned as an exclusive and multifaceted skeleton because of having a variety of applications in medicinal and synthetic organic chemistry as well as in the field of industrial chemistry. For these perspectives, various elegant methods for imidazoles and its derivatives have been developing over the last years using different types of catalyst to improve selectivity, purity, and yield of the product. Thus, we have reviewed various synthetic routes for the formation of imidazoles and their applications from 2014 to 2016.

Arene Amination Instead of Fluorination: Substitution Pattern Governs the Reactivity of Dialkoxybenzenes with Selectfluor

“…Nevertheless, benzimidazole, benzotriazole, 5- t Bu-tetrazole, and imidazole were found to work well in the reaction, providing compounds 1 – 4 in good yields. A dibrominated imidazole and 2-methylphthalimidobenzimidazole provided the desired aryl adducts in a higher yield than unsubstituted imidazole and benzimidazole (compounds 5 and 6 , respectively), a notable result given the prevalence of imidazole- and benzimidazole-containing pharmaceuticals that are substituted at the 2-position …”

Diazocarbonyl and Related Compounds in the Synthesis of Azoles

“…Another area of application of imidazoles is in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and semiconductors [ 70 ]. To date, many methods have been developed for the synthesis of imidazoles, including the classical Debus-Radziszewski imidazole synthesis and reaction of α -halo carbonyl compounds with amidines [ 71 , 72 ]. However, syntheses based on diazocarbonyl compounds have not yet become widespread.…”

Fe3O4/ZnO/multi‐walled carbon nanotubes magnetic nanocomposites promoted five components synthesis of new imidazole derivatives

“…For example, heterocyclic compounds containing imidazole nucleus have a very important place in medicinal chemistry and play a chief role in the treatment of numerous types of diseases. [ 36–40 ] Due to the specified properties of imidazole derivatives with electron‐rich feature, it is advantage for imidazole groups to mixing with various receptors and enzymes in biological systems for generating a variety of biological activities. At present, the imidazole‐containing compounds with high activity as drug have been broadly utilized for treating with different kinds of diseases, such as antibacterial, [ 41,42 ] antifungal, [ 43,44 ] anti‐inflammatory, [ 45,46 ] antiviral, [ 47,48 ] antiparasitic, [ 49,50 ] anticancer, [ 51,52 ] antihistaminic, [ 53,54 ] and enzyme inhibition.…”