“…Various techniques are reported for the detection of MN using either DNA or antigen as the recognition element, including gas chromatography, 9 Raman spectroscopy, 10 high-performance liquid chromatography, 11 and mass spectrometry. 12 However, these techniques require expensive instruments, tedious sample preparation, and often result in lengthy turn-around times. 13 A few detection assays have been developed using electrochemical techniques due to their advantages of high sensitivity, low cost, and being portable detectors.…”