Intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity (κ l ) is a desired requirement in many crystalline solids such as thermal barrier coatings and thermoelectrics. Here, we design an advanced machinelearning (ML) model based on crystal graph convolutional neural network that is insensitive to volumes (i.e., scale) of the input crystal structures to discover novel quaternary chalcogenides, AMM'Q3 (A/M/M'=alkali, alkaline-earth, post-transition metals, lanthanides, Q=chalcogens). Upon screening the thermodynamic stability of ∼ 1 million compounds using the ML model iteratively and performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations for a small fraction of compounds, we discover 99 compounds that are validated to be stable in DFT. Taking several DFT-stable compounds, we calculate their κ l using phonon-Boltzmann transport equation, which reveals ultralow-κ l (< 2 Wm −1 K −1 at room-temperature) due to their soft elasticity and strong phonon anharmonicity. Our work demonstrates the high-efficiency of scale-invariant ML model in predicting novel compounds and presents experimental research opportunities with these new compounds. K.P. and C.W.P. contributed equally.