Synovial fluid chondroitin and keratan sulphate epitopes, glycosaminoglycans, and hyaluronan in arthritic and normal knees

Abstract

Objectives-To determine concentrations of chondroitin sulphate (CS) and keratan sulphate (KS) epitopes, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hyaluronan (HA) in knee synovial fluid (SF) from normal subjects and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to test whether these variables may be used as markers of the OA process.

Interactive Cytokine Regulation of Synoviocyte Lubricant Secretion

“…The volume of SF in normal knee joints is *1-2 mL, but increased *10-25-fold in inflamed or diseased joints 9,14,15 ; in the latter case, HA concentration is decreased, but only to 30-50% of normal levels. 9,11,13 Thus, the total mass of HA in SF (volume multiplied by concentration) is typically substantially increased with joint inflammation or disease, and could be a result of upregulation of synoviocyte secretion, mediated by certain cytokines. The synergistic effect of IL-17 with TNF-a suggests that T cells secreting IL-17 could play a role in the regulation of SF lubricant composition, whereas the interactive effects of TNF-a with not only IL-17, but also IL-1b and TGF-b1 suggest that therapies targeting TNF-a 40,41 might be more potent than expected based on the individual effects of TNF-a.…”

“…7,8 In naturally occurring or animal models of osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and injury, the concentrations of HA and PRG4 in SF are often decreased, as is the MW of HA. [9][10][11][12][13] However, the volume of SF is often increased to an even greater extent, 9,14,15 resulting in an overall increase in lubricant content in SF, and complicating assessments of lubricant production and degradation. These changes in lubricant content and volume in SF are often accompanied by increases in the concentrations of certain cytokines in SF, including interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-17, IL-32, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-b1), and tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-a).…”

Tandem mass spectrometric strategies for determination of sulfation positions and uronic acid epimerization in chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides

“…The size of corneal CS chains is known to decrease as a result of macular corneal dystrophy, the content of disulfated disaccharides to increase, and the overall chain concentration to increase [14]. The sulfation pattern of CS chains bound to cartilage aggrecan has been shown to change during development, with a mixture of 4-and 6-sulfated GalNAc residues present in juveniles and almost exclusively 6-sulfated such residues in adults [15][16][17]. The non-reducing terminal composition of CS chains has also been observed to vary with maturation and the onset of osteoarthritis [13,18,19], showing that disease-specific changes to CS structure are found in specific domains.…”

Efficacy, Tolerability and Adverse Events of Single-Shot Intra-Articular Hyaluronic Acid Injection in Knee Osteoarthritis

“…In patients with osteoarthritis, synovial hyaluronic acid is depolymerized and cleared at higher rates than in normal individuals [2], leading to deterioration of joint cartilage and synovial fluid characteristics etc and manifesting clinically as pain and loss of function. Specially, there is a decrease in concentration and molecular weight of HA on OA [5,6]. Hence, intraarticular viscosupplementation with HA may restore normal biochemical properties/ characteristics in various joint structures, resulting in improved pain control and function [7].…”