SYNOPSIS Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil — a Review

Wilcke, Wolfgang

doi:10.1002/1522-2624(200006)163:3<229::aid-jpln229>3.0.co;2-6

Cited by 537 publications

(340 citation statements)

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“…The most industrialized district, Tanggu, had the highest total PAH concentrations (1,150 ng g −1 ), followed by Hangu (657.67 ng g −1 ) and Dagang (573.34 ng g −1 ), which suggests that Tanggu district is more seriously contaminated by PAHs, compared with Hangu and Dagang districts. This finding agrees with reports that rural soils usually have lower PAH concentrations than urban or industrial ones (Trapido 1999;Wilcke 2000;Zhang et al 2006;Cai et al 2007).…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Pahssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…These two LMWs accounted for 22.1% and 10.7%, respectively, of the PAHs concentration, which is close to the proportions in water and sediments from this area (Shi et al 2005). Normally, high molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[b + j + k]fluoranthene, Chr, Flu and Pyr are dominant in the soils investigated (Wilcke 2000). The different PAHs profiles fingerprint in TBNA suggests a different source pattern.…”

Section: Soil Pah Profile and Potential Sourcessupporting

confidence: 67%

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Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

Jiao

Lü

et al. 2009

Environ Monit Assess

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The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector in 105 topsoil samples from an industrial area around Bohai Bay, Tianjin in the North of China. Results demonstrated that concentrations of PAHs in 104 soil samples from this area ranged from 68.7 to 5,590 ng g −1 dry weight with a mean of 16PAHs 814 ± 813 ng g −1 , which suggests that there exists mid to high levels of PAH contamination. The concentration of 16PAHs in one soil sample from Tianjin Port was exceptionally high (48,700 ng g −1 ). Ninetythree of the 105 soil samples were considered to be contaminated with PAHs (>200 ng g −1 ), and 25 were heavily polluted (>1,000 ng g −1 ). The sites with high PAHs concentration are mainly distrib- uted around chemical industry parks and near highways. Two low molecular weight PAHs, naphthalene and phenanthrene, were the dominant components in the soil samples, which accounted for 22.1% and 10.7% of the 16PAHs concentration, respectively. According to the observed molecular indices, house heating in winter, straw stalk combustion in open areas after harvest, and petroleum input were common sources of PAHs in this area, while factory discharge and vehicle exhaust were the major sources around chemical industrial parks and near highways. Biological processes were probably another main source of low molecular weight PAHs.

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Section: Spatial Distribution Of Pahssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Soil Pah Profile and Potential Sourcessupporting

confidence: 67%

Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

Jiao

Lü

et al. 2009

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Their main source in the environment is of anthropogenic origin, namely combustion of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal containing considerable amounts of PAHs (Wilcke, 2000;Bamforth and Singleton, 2005). There are also natural pyrogenic sources like vegetation fires or volcanic eruptions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from Kathmandu, Nepal

Aichner

Glaser

Zech

2007

Organic Geochemistry

123

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Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, faces increasing environmental problems such as heavy air pollution and lack of proper waste management. The aim of this study was to examine if the soils are also affected by pollution, with the focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The sum of 20 PAHs in surface soils ranged between 184 and 10279 lg kg À1 . The most abundant PAHs were perylene (14.6%), benzo(b+j+k)flouranthene (10.7%), naphthalene (10.7%) and phenanthrene (9.8%), with perylene concentrations varying strongly. The significantly more positive d 13 C values of perylene in samples with elevated concentrations indicate biological production, possibly by anaerobic degradation of perylene quinones. PAH ratios also indicate the influence of petrogenic PAH sources, especially at petrol stations and some street samples. The sum of 12 PCBs ranged from 356 to 44710 ng kg À1 . The most abundant were congeners 52 (19.4%), 101 (14.3%), 118 (13.4%) and 138 (11.7%). The low PCB concentrations and pattern were interpreted as a diffuse background contamination being the main PCB source in the urban soils. Indications for recent contamination were found in river sediments from the inner city, as well as in industrial and street samples. Classified by land use, the samples taken from the gutter contained the highest PAH and PCB concentrations as a result of accumulation. The lowest values were found in surface soils from Swayambunath (a park) and a garden area. A gradual decrease in concentration with depth was present for both compound classes in the profiles sampled at Swayambunath. No trend was visible in the garden profiles as a result of soil disturbance of the soil by agricultural treatment. Enhanced microbial degradation and volatilization in the warm/humid monsoon climate is probably the main cause for low pollutant concentrations. Increased photodegradation and the short accumulation period might be other important factors. Concerning its state of soil pollution, Kathmandu fits rather well into a global distribution pattern of persistent organic pollutants, with high concentrations in temperate (higher latitude) regions and very low ones in the tropics (lower latitude regions) due to global distillation.

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“…Smaller amounts of PACs are generated in natural processes, like volcanism and forest fires (Neilson, 1998). Because of their hydrophobicity, PACs tend to accumulate in sediments and soils, which act not only as a sink, but also as a source of PACs for benthic organisms (Wilcke, 2000;Van Metre and Mahler, 2005). In sediment cores from 38 urban and reference lakes across the United States, total sediment SPAH concentrations (SPAH ¼ sum of 13 homocyclic PACs used for the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines in the USA) ranged from 0.5 to 10 mg/kg (Van Metre and Mahler, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle responses of the midge Chironomus riparius to polycyclic aromatic compound exposure

Paumen

Borgman

Kraak

et al. 2008

Environmental Pollution

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General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Emergence of Chironomus riparius is a sensitive endpoint to detect life cycle effects of PACs. AbstractDuring acute exposure, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) act mainly by narcosis, but during chronic exposure the same compounds may exert sublethal life cycle effects. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the chronic effects of sediment spiked PACs on the emergence of the midge Chironomus riparius. Three isomer pairs were selected, and 28-day LC 50 values and 50% emergence times (EMt 50 ) were determined. Concentrationeresponse relationships were observed for phenanthrene, acridine, phenanthridine and acridone. Anthracene and phenanthridone had no effect on total emergence, but did cause a delay in emergence. Calculated porewater LC 50 values correlated well with logK ow values, suggesting narcosis as mode of action. In contrast, effect concentrations for delay in emergence (EMt 50 ) deviated from narcosis, suggesting a specific mode of action during chronic exposure. It is concluded that emergence is a powerful endpoint to detect life cycle effects of PACs on a key sediment inhabiting invertebrate. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Chironomus riparius; Polycyclic aromatic compounds; Emergence IntroductionPolycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are ubiquitous contaminants, present in the environment mainly as a result of anthropogenic activities (industry, oil drilling and vehicle emissions). Smaller amounts of PACs are generated in natural processes, like volcanism and forest fires (Neilson, 1998). Because of their hydrophobicity, PACs tend to accumulate in sediments and soils, which act not only as a sink, but also as a source of PACs for benthic organisms (Wilcke, 2000;Van Metre and Mahler, 2005). In sediment cores from 38 urban and reference lakes across the United States, total sediment SPAH concentrations (SPAH ¼ sum of 13 homocyclic PACs used for the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines in the USA) ranged from 0.5 to 10 mg/kg (Van Metre and Mahler, 2005).Populations of benthic invertebrates are exposed to a variety of PACs in the sediment, but little is known about their chronic effects, since research has mainly focused on acute exposure (Bleeker et al., 1998; Neilson, 199...

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SYNOPSIS Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil — a Review

Cited by 537 publications

References 0 publications

Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

Identification of sources of elevated concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area in Tianjin, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from Kathmandu, Nepal

Life cycle responses of the midge Chironomus riparius to polycyclic aromatic compound exposure

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