Synergistic toxicity of Macondo crude oil and dispersant Corexit 9500A® to the Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera)

Rico‐Martínez, Roberto; Snell, Terry W.; Shearer, Tonya L.

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.024

Cited by 166 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…The toxicity tests were conducted in 24-well plates, and samples of the WAF and CEWAF were diluted with 15 ppt artificial seawater in aliquots of 20% (from 0% to 100%) to determine the 50% lethal concentration for the test organisms (LC 50 ) (14). In each well, 10 rotifers were added, and their viability was scored after 24 and 48 h (we present only the 48-h results).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dispersant-oil mixtures, however, have been shown in numerous studies to be significantly more toxic than dispersants alone. Rico-Martínez et al (14) demonstrated that the synergistic effect of Corexit 9500A with Macondo crude oil increased toxicity to the marine rotifer Brachionus manjavacas in the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) by 47-to 52-fold relative to that generated with Macondo crude oil and by 66-fold relative to that generated with Corexit 9500A alone. B. manjavacas is a member of the Brachionus plicatilis species complex that has routinely been used in assessments of marine ecotoxicity because the organism grows rapidly, is easy to cultivate, is genetically homozygous, and plays a central role in coastal food webs (16,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Although dispersant formulations have been continuously improved since the 1960s to reduce toxicity, the possible synergistic effects of oil and dispersant mixtures on toxicity to organisms require further research (14). Based on criteria set forth by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the majority of dispersants range from slightly toxic to practically nontoxic (15).…”

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Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Exhibit a Species-Specific Response to Dispersed Oil while Moderating Ecotoxicity

Overholt

Marks

Romero

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Deepwater Horizon blowout in April 2010 represented the largest accidental marine oil spill and the largest release of chemical dispersants into the environment to date. While dispersant application may provide numerous benefits to oil spill response efforts, the impacts of dispersants and potential synergistic effects with crude oil on individual hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are poorly understood. In this study, two environmentally relevant species of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were utilized to quantify the response to Macondo crude oil and Corexit 9500A-dispersed oil in terms of bacterial growth and oil degradation potential. In addition, specific hydrocarbon compounds were quantified in the dissolved phase of the medium and linked to ecotoxicity using a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved rotifer assay. Bacterial treatment significantly and drastically reduced the toxicity associated with dispersed oil (increasing the 50% lethal concentration [LC 50 ] by 215%). The growth and crude oil degradation potential of Acinetobacter were inhibited by Corexit by 34% and 40%, respectively; conversely, Corexit significantly enhanced the growth of Alcanivorax by 10% relative to that in undispersed oil. Furthermore, both bacterial strains were shown to grow with Corexit as the sole carbon and energy source. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial species demonstrate a unique response to dispersed oil compared to their response to crude oil, with potentially opposing effects on toxicity. While some species have the potential to enhance the toxicity of crude oil by producing biosurfactants, the same bacteria may reduce the toxicity associated with dispersed oil through degradation or sequestration.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Exhibit a Species-Specific Response to Dispersed Oil while Moderating Ecotoxicity

Overholt

Marks

Romero

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…If dispersants enhance the rate of oil dissolution, the chemically dispersed oil might reach more areas of the water column than oil alone, increasing the potential for toxicity to organisms that otherwise would not have been exposed to the oil spill (Goodbody-Gringley et al, 2013). Exposure experiments suggest that the effects of dispersed oil, or dispersant-only mixtures, are more toxic than oil alone (Scarlett et al, 2005;Shafir et al, 2007;GoodbodyGringley et al, 2013;Rico-Martínez et al, 2013;DeLeo et al, 2015). However, previous experiments focused on chemical concentrations that resulted in visual impacts on organisms.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Stress response of the black coral Leiopathes glaberrima when exposed to sub-lethal amounts of crude oil and dispersant

Ruiz‐Ramos

Fisher

Baums

2017

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Ruiz-Ramos, DV, et al. 2017 Stress response of the black coral Leiopathes glaberrima when exposed to sub-lethal amounts of crude oil and dispersant. Elem Sci Anth, 5: 77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.261 Introduction Drilling for hydrocarbons causes physical damage to the seafloor and inevitable habitat disruption to deep-sea communities (Brooke and Schroeder, 2007). Damage to the seafloor results from the installation of infrastructure, drilling discharges (muds and cuttings), and spills (Jones and Gates, 2010; Purser and Thomsen, 2012). Impacts include the loss of physical habitat, decline in species diversity and abundance, and disruption of settlement and recruitment of benthic fauna (Jones and Gates, 2010;Trannum et al., 2010; Järnegren et al., 2017). Oil spills on the outer continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico have increased in recent years, mainly due to hurricanes and the Deepwater Horizon disaster (Anderson et al., 2012). Although cold-water corals are often found in association with drilling areas (Roberts and Aharon, 1994; Fisher et al., 2007), little is known about the impact of oil exposure on the health and survival of the corals.An unprecedented opportunity to study the potential consequences of oil spills on deep/cold water corals (reviewed in Fisher et al., 2014) came with the 2010 oil spill in lease block MC252, which released approximately 4.4 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Camilli et al., 2010). Surveys after this spill found oil-impacted coral colonies in at least three coral communities within 25 km of the MC252 wellhead (White et al., 2012; Fisher et al., 2014). In addition to crude oil, corals were exposed to the chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 A (DeLeo et al., 2015). As part of the mitigation strategy, 771,272 gallons of Corexit 9500 A were injected directly into the wellhead at 1544 m and 1,072,514 gallons were sprayed on the surface (Graham et al., 2011). The Macondo oil spill was unique in the amount of oil released, the depth of RESEARCH ARTICLEStress response of the black coral Leiopathes glaberrima when exposed to sub-lethal amounts of crude oil and dispersant The 2010 Deep Water Horizon oil well failure released billions of gallons of crude oil into the deep Gulf of Mexico, and, combined with chemical dispersants, this oil caused significant coral mortality. However, the mechanisms by which oil and dispersed oil impact deep marine fauna are not well understood. Here, we investigate the effects of oil and dispersed oil on a black coral common in the deep Gulf of Mexico, Leiopathes glaberrima. This coral occurs in several color morphs that show ecological and genetic differences. We hypothesized that dispersed oil would be more detrimental to coral health than oil alone and that this difference would be detectable in the gene expression response of the colonies even at sub-lethal concentrations. In two experiments, four and six colonies of red and white color morphs were exposed to oil, dispersant, and dispersed oil for a minimum of 96 hours. Vis...

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“…However, the results of some studies have shown that dispersants have potential to increase the bioavailability of PAH to marine organisms (Almeda 2014, Lively et al 2014, Goodbody-Gringley et al 2013. Some reports show that dispersants do not increase oil toxicity (Dussauze et al 2014, Hemmer et al 2011, Long et al 2002, but several others show that they make the effects of oil spills even worse (Milinkovitch et al 2011, Mu et al 2014, Rico-Martínez R et al 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation and subacute toxicity of mechanically and chemically dispersed heavy fuel oil in sea urchin (<em>Glyptocidaris crenulari</em>)

Yang

Xiong

2015

Sci. Mar.

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Summary:Oil spills have a disastrous ecological impact on ecosystems but few data are available for the effects of dispersed oil on benthic marine organisms. In order to provide information for assessment, we analysed the hydrocarbon compositions of the mechanically dispersed water accommodated fraction (MDWAF) and the chemically dispersed water accommodated fraction (CDWAF) of No. 120 fuel oil, their bioaccumulation, and DNA damage related to oil exposure, using the sea urchin as a sentinel organism. The results show that the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in the tissues of sea urchin exposed to the CDWAF is higher than that of those exposed to the MDWAF. The single cell gel electrophoresis assay results also indicated higher DNA damage from exposure to the CDWAF of oil. Thus, dispersants should be applied with caution in oil spill accidents. Keywords:No. 120 fuel oil; dispersant; sea urchin; bioaccumulation; DNA damage; subacute toxicity. Bioacumulación y toxicidad subaguda mecánica y químicamente dispersas de aceite combustible pesado de erizo de mar (Glyptocidaris crenulari)Resumen: El derrame de petróleo tiene un desastroso impacto ecológico en los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, hay una falta de datos de los efectos de aceite disperso sobre los organismos marinos bentónicos. Con el fin de proporcionar información de evaluación de su efecto, hemos analizado la composición de hidrocarburos de fracción disuelta mecánicamente en el agua (MDWAF) y la fracción disuelta químicamente en el agua (CDWAF) No. 120 de aceite combustible, su bioacumulación y daños en el ADN relacionados con la exposición al petróleo, utilizando el erizo de mar como organismo centinela. Los resultados muestran que la concentración de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH) en los tejidos de erizo de mar expuesta en CDWAF es mayor que en MDWAF. También que la concentración de hidrocarburos aromaticos policiclicos (HAP) en los tejidos de erizo de mar expuestos en CDWAF es mayor que en MDWAF. El resultado del ensayo de la célula individual por electroforesis en gel (SCGE) también indica el mayor daño en el ADN en CDWAF de aceite. Por lo tanto, la aplicación de dispersantes en accidentes de derrames de crudo ha de hacerse bajo control.

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Synergistic toxicity of Macondo crude oil and dispersant Corexit 9500A® to the Brachionus plicatilis species complex (Rotifera)

Cited by 166 publications

References 20 publications

Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Exhibit a Species-Specific Response to Dispersed Oil while Moderating Ecotoxicity

Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria Exhibit a Species-Specific Response to Dispersed Oil while Moderating Ecotoxicity

Stress response of the black coral Leiopathes glaberrima when exposed to sub-lethal amounts of crude oil and dispersant

Bioaccumulation and subacute toxicity of mechanically and chemically dispersed heavy fuel oil in sea urchin (<em>Glyptocidaris crenulari</em>)

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