Synergistic Interaction of Ionic Liquid Grafted Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) and Carbon Nanotubes to Construct Water Treatment Membranes with Multiple Separation Properties

Abstract

In this study, the dual strategy of 1-butyl-3vinylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid (IL) grafting and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposition was applied to modify poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based membranes. The highly hydrophilic/oleophobic and fouling-resistant PVDF-g-IL/CNTs membranes with excellent separation efficiency were obtained by the nonsolvent-induced phase separation method with ethanol− water mixed solution as the coagulation bath. The grafted IL not only generated hydrophilic groups on PVDF chains but also acted together with the CNTs to induce the formation of hydrophilic βcrystalline phase of PVDF, which significantly improved the hydrophilicity and pore structure of the modified PVDF membranes. As a result, the pure water flux of the optimal membrane increased up to 294.2 L m −2 h −1 , which was 5.2 times greater than that of the pure PVDF membrane. Simultaneously, the electrostatic interaction of the positive IL and the integration of CNTs enhanced adsorption sites of the membranes, producing exceptional retention and adsorption of dye wastewater and oil−water emulsion. This study presents a straightforward and efficient approach for fabricating PVDF separation membranes, which have potential applications in the purification of various polluted wastewater.